Chitin

Abia na chitin, ihe omumu banyere akwukwo banyere ihe omumu banyere ulo akwukwo. Arthropods, crustaceans na ihe niile ejikọtara ha…

Mana, n'agbanyeghị nke a, chitin bakwara ụmụ mmadụ ezigbo uru.

Ọdịdị izugbe nke chitin

Achọpụtara Chitin na 1821 site n'aka onye nduzi nke ogige botanical, bụ Henry Bracon. N'oge nyocha kemịkal, ọ kpughere otu ihe na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbasa na sulfuric acid. Na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, e si na shells nke tarantula wepụta chitin. N'otu oge ahụ, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Audier tụpụtara okwu ahụ bụ "chitin, bụ onye mụtara ihe ahụ site na iji mpụta mpụta (ọkpụkpụ mpụga) nke ụmụ ahụhụ.

Chitin bu polysaccharide nke so n’otu ndi nwere ike inweta ahihia. N'ihe banyere physicochemical Njirimara, yana ọrụ ndu ya, ọ dị nso na eriri osisi.

Chitin bụ akụkụ nke mgbidi cell nke ero, yana ụfọdụ nje.

Site na amino sugar resid nke acetylglucosamine, chitin bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ polysaccharides na okike.

Ọ bụ ihe dị na fungi, bacteria, arthropods. Achọpụtala ọtụtụ ụdị chitin, dị iche na ngwakọta kemịkal ha na akụrụngwa ha.

* Egosiri oke (g) na 100 g ngwaahịa.

Chitin (French chitine, si Greek chiton - uwe, akpụkpọ, shei), a eke compound si otu nke polysaccharides; akụkụ bụ isi nke ọkpụkpụ dị n'èzí (cuticle) nke arthropods na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ invertebrates; ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke mgbidi cell nke fungi na nje bacteria. Na-arụ ọrụ nchebe na nkwado, na-enye siri ike cell. Okwu a bụ "X". onye ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ A. Odier tụrụ aro, bụ onye (1823) mụrụ banyere mkpuchi elu nke ụmụ ahụhụ. H. mejupụtara N-acetylglucosamine residues jikọtara site na b- (1 ® 4) - glycosidic bonds.

Arọ molekụla nwere ike iru 260,000. Ọ dịghị agbaze na mmiri, itughari acid, alkalis, mmanya, na ndị ọzọ organic solvents, ọ dissolves na ndọpụ nnu ngwọta (lithium, calcium thiocyanate), na-ebibi na ndọpụ ngwọta nke ịnweta acid (mgbe ewe iwe). Chlorine na-ejikọta ya na protein ndị sitere na isi mmalite. Chlorine yiri ihe n'usoro, akụrụngwa physicochemical, yana ọrụ ndu maka ihe ọkụkụ celululose.

Chlorine biosynthesis n'ime ahụ na-eme site na ntinye aka nke onye inyeaka, ihe fọdụrụ N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, na ndị na-anabata chitodextrins, na ntinye nke sistemu glycosyltransferase enzymatic jikọtara ya na membranes intracellular. A na-agbaji chlorine n'ụzọ ndụ iji mee ka N-acetylglucosamine nwee onwe ya site na enzyme chitinase, nke a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ nje bacteria, n'etiti enzymes digestive nke ala amoebas, ụfọdụ ejula, earthworms, nakwa na crustaceans n'oge oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Mgbe ihe ndị dị ndụ nwụrụ, chlorine na ihe ndị na-emebi emebi na-agbanwe n'ime ala na silt dị n'oké osimiri ka ọ bụrụ ogige dị ka humic ma na-enye aka na nchịkọta nitrogen n'ime ala.

Kwa ụbọchị maka chitin

Iri ihe karịrị 3000mg kwa ụbọchị nwere ike ibute nsogbu na arụ ọrụ nke eriri afọ. Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ịchọpụta ọla edo pụtara na ojiji nke ike ọ bụla.

Mkpa maka chitin na abawanye:

• buru oke ibu;
• mmebi nke metabolism nke abụba n'ime ahụ;
• kọlestrọl ọbara;
• steatosis imeju;
• tinyere oke abụba na nri;
• afọ ntachi;
• Mellitus ọrịa shuga;
• nfụkasị ahụ na ị intoụbiga mmanya ókè nke ahụ.

Mkpa maka chitin na-ebelata:

• nwere oke ikuku gas;
• ọrịa dysbacteriosis;
• gastritis, pancreatitis na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-afụ ụfụ nke eriri afọ.

Ntughari nke chitin

Chitin bụ ihe siri ike nghọta na-adịghị agbari na ahụ mmadụ. Dị ka cellulose, chitin na-emezi ngwa ngwa eriri afọ ma nwee akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ bara uru maka ahụ.

Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọdịnaya nke chitin na ahụ

Ahụ mmadụ anaghị emepụta chitin n'onwe ya, ya mere ọdịnaya ya n'ime ahụ kpamkpam dabere na ọnụnọ na nri. Dabere na nke a, ọ na - esote na ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịdị mma, ịkwesịrị iji chitin na-eri oge n'ụdị monomer ya - chitosan.

Chitin maka ịma mma na ahụike

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-ahụ maka cosmetologists na-edewanye akwụkwọ banyere mmetụta dị mma achọpụtara site na iji ọgwụ na ọgwụ ịchọ mma na chitin. A na-agbakwunye ya na shampoos iji mee ka ụda ntutu dịkwuo elu na nhịahụ, nke a na-eji na mmiri mmiri, tinye ya na ude, mmiri ịsa ahụ, na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke onwe (gel toothpastes). A na-achọta ya n'ụdị sprays na varnishes dị iche iche.

A na-eji Chitin dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri n'ime nri iji meziwanye mgbanwe akpụkpọ ahụ, dị ka mgbochi mkpali na moisturizer. Na - emepụta ihe nkiri na - echekwa akpụkpọ na ntutu, si otú a na - akwado usoro ịkpụkọ, na - egbochi akpụkpọ ahụ ịhapụ mmiri mmiri na mbọ aka.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Argentine achọpụtawo peculiarity nke chitin dị ka onye inyeaka na onye na-eweghachi ọgwụgwọ nke ngwa ngwa nke akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mebiri. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-agbanwe chitin site na ikpo ọkụ n'ime ihe ọhụrụ nwere ike ịnweta mmiri. chitosan, nke bụ akụkụ nke ihe ntecha mgbochi. N'ihi mgbochi ịka nká, akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi ngwa ngwa, wrinkles na-adịchaghị ama. Akpụkpọ ahụ na-enweta ọhụụ ma dị obere, n'ihi ihe onwunwe nke chitin iji belata spasm nke obere okpu nke akpụkpọ ahụ.

Banyere uru nke chitin maka ịdị nkenke nke ọnụ ọgụgụ gị, o doro anya. A na-akpọkwa Chitosan eriri anụ, nke na-ejikọta n'ime ahụ ma wepụ abụba ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè, na-enyere aka na oke nri, na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bifidobacteria na eriri afọ ma jiri nwayọ na-akwalite oke ibu. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ ọrụ maka adsorption nke mmetọ, mgbe mkpochapụ nke, ahụ anyị na-eche ìhè na free.

Chitin na okike

Na okike, chitin na-arụ ọrụ nchebe na nkwado, na-enye ike nke crustaceans, fungi na nje bacteria. Na nke a, ọ dị ka cellulose, nke bụ ihe nkwado nke mgbidi cell osisi. Ma chitin na-emeghachi omume karị, dịka ihe nke Russian Chitin Society si kwuo. Mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ ma mesoo ya na alkali gbadoro anya, ọ na-atụgharị ghọọ chitosan. Nke a polima nwere ike igbari na itughari acid ngwọta, nakwa dị ka ejikọta na-emeghachi omume na ndị ọzọ chemicals. Ya mere, mgbe ụfọdụ ndị chemists na-ezo aka na chitosan dị ka "ihe nrụpụta" nke a pụrụ iji mepụta polymers dị iche iche. Iji nweta chitin dị ọcha, a na-ewepụ protein, calcium na mineral ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị dị na ya, na-atụgharị ha n'ụdị soluble. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ irighiri chitinous.

"A na-eji Crustaceans, fungi na ụmụ ahụhụ nweta chitin. Site n'ụzọ, a chọtara ihe a na mbụ na champignon. Ojiji chitin na chitosan ewepụtara ya na-agbasawanye naanị. A na-eji polysaccharide eme ihe na mgbakwunye nri, ọgwụ, ọgwụ na-egbochi ọkụ, sutures ịwa ahụ soluble, na-eji ihe mgbochi radieshon, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Chitosan bụ ihe bara uru nke chọrọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ"

Chitin na ọgwụ

N'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na chitosan na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ zuru oke na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ, ọgwụ na ndị na-anabata ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike "kpọgidere" na yinye polymer. Ya mere, a ga-ahapụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ naanị ebe ọ dị mkpa, na-enweghị ikpughe ahụ dum na toxicosis. Ọzọkwa, chitosan n'onwe ya adịghị egbu egbu maka ihe dị ndụ.

A na-ejikwa Chitosan dị ka mgbakwunye nri. Dị ka ihe atụ, ụmụ irighiri ihe ya dị ala dị ala na-abanye n'ọbara ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Iberibe molekụla ọkara bụ ihe na-egbochi nje na-egbochi mmepe nke microflora pathogenic n'ime eriri afọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ na-enye aka na ịmepụta ihe nkiri na mucosa intestinal, nke na-echebe ha pụọ ​​​​na mbufụt. N'okwu a, ihe nkiri ahụ na-agbaze ngwa ngwa, nke dị mkpa maka iji ọgwụ. Akụkụ dị elu nke ịdị arọ molekụla nke chitosan na-eje ozi dị ka sorbent maka nsị dị na eriri afọ.

"Anyị maara ọtụtụ sorbents nke nwekwara ihe ndị na-emerụ mmadụ ahụ - ha na-etinye uche ma na-etinye ya na mọzụlụ na ọkpụkpụ. Chitosan enweghị mmetụta ndị a niile. Ọzọkwa, ọ nwere ike ịmịnye mkpụrụ osisi herbal, nke, na njikọ ya, anaghị atụfu ihe onwunwe ha bara uru ruo ogologo oge, ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri. A na-ejikwa Chitosan n'ụdị gel maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ. "

Na mgbakwunye, chitosan nwere mmetụta antitumor, yabụ enwere ike iji ya gbochie ọrịa kansa. Ihe ahụ na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol, n'ihi na ọ na-ejikọta lipids nri ma na-egbochi mmịkọ nke abụba na eriri afọ. A na-emekwa nyocha maka iji chitosan dị ka etinyere ọgwụ.

Chitin na ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Usoro ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etolite ugbu a nke ọma. Site n'enyemaka nke usoro sayensị, ọ ga-ekwe omume iwepụ ọrụ nke otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ "na-emerụ ahụ" ma ọ bụ tinye ọzọ n'ọnọdụ ya. Mana iji mee nke a, ọ dị mkpa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ nyefee ozi mkpụrụ ndụ "dị mkpa" n'ime cell. Na mbụ, a na-eji nje virus eme ihe maka nke a, ma usoro a nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndọghachi azụ: carcinogenicity na ọnụ ahịa dị elu bụ isi.. Ma site n'enyemaka nke chitosan, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnyefe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime cell na-enweghị nsonaazụ na-emerụ ahụ yana dị ọnụ ala.

" Enwere ike iji mgbanwe kemịkalụ degharịa vectors na-abụghị nke nje RNA na-efe efe. Chitosan bụ vector dị mma karịa liposomes ma ọ bụ polymer cationic n'ihi na ọ na-ejikọta DNA nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, usoro ndị dị otú ahụ adịghị egbu egbu ma nwee ike nweta ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ ,” ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru.

Chitin na ụlọ ọrụ nri

A na-eji ihe na-anabata chitosan eme ihe iji wepụ sedimenti. A na-emepụta ihe a na-akpọ turbidity na ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ n'ihi ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na ihe enyemaka n'ụdị protein, carbohydrates, cell ndụ na oxalates. Iji wepụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ, a na-eji chitosan mee ihe na ọkwa nke nkọwa ngwaahịa.

Na mgbakwunye, ihe nkiri chitosan na-ebelata ọnụego mgbasa nke microbes na anụ raw, na-egbochi ọdịdị nke nje bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

"Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-edobe anụ ọhụrụ ihe karịrị ụbọchị abụọ. N'ihi nnwale nke chitosan, anyị jisiri ike mụbaa oge nchekwa site na otu na ọkara ruo ugboro abụọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, oge ahụ ruru izu abụọ. Na mgbakwunye, site n'echiche nke ihe ndị na-azụ ahịa, ihe nkiri chitosan bụ ngwugwu dị mma, ebe ọ bụ na a naghị ahụ ya anya."

A na-ejikwa Chitosan na ụlọ ọrụ nri maka coagulation nke protein whey na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi, maka mmepụta nke ihe oriri nke iodized dabere na mmepụta nke iodine-chitosan complexes, na ihe ndị ọzọ.