Okpokoro isi bụ ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ nke isi. Igbe ọkpụkpụ a nwere ụbụrụ, ọ na-ejedebe na ọkwa nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. Okpokoro isi ya bụ ọkpụkpụ asatọ, jikọtara ya na nkwonkwo a na-akpọ sutures.

Okpokoro isi ihe mejupụtara ngụkọta nke ọkpụkpụ iri abụọ na abụọ kewara ụzọ abụọ: ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi na ọkpụkpụ nke ihu. Ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi kwesịrị ekwesị dị asatọ na ọnụọgụ.

Okpokoro isi bụ igbe ọkpụkpụ nwere ọdịdị ovoid. Okwu okpokoro isi na-abịa, na etymologically, site na okwu Latịn kranium nke pụtara "okpokoro isi", n'onwe ya gbaziri site na okwu Grik okpokoro isi. Ọ nwere ụbụrụ na njedebe na ọkwa nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. Ọ bụ ngụkọta nke ọkpụkpụ iri abụọ na abụọ (anaghị agụta ossicles ntị), gụnyere ọkpụkpụ asatọ nke mejupụtara okpokoro isi n'onwe ya na ọkpụkpụ iri na anọ maka ihu.

Ya mere, okpokoro isi na-adabere na akụkụ elu nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. Akpụpụtara ya, karịa nke:

• anọ ọbụna ọkpụkpụ: abụọ anụ ahụ ọkpụkpụ na abụọ parietal ọkpụkpụ;
• ọkpụkpụ anọ na-adịghị mma: nke mejupụtara ihu, occipital (nke a nwere oghere nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ikwurịta okwu na kọlụm ọkpụkpụ azụ), sphenoid (dobere na isi nke okpokoro isi) na ethmoid na-akpụ ala nke cavities imi. . 

Ọkpụkpụ ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ site na nkwonkwo a na-akpọ sutures.

Ihu n'ihu

A na-emepụta akụkụ ihu nke okpokoro isi, nke a na-akpọ ọkpọiso, site na ọkpụkpụ ihu. Nke a nwere elu ụlọ nke oghere anya, yana ọtụtụ n'ime fossa cranial anterial.

Ọkpụkpụ parietal

Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkụ mpụta na nke elu nke oghere okpokoro isi bụ nke ọkpụkpụ parietal abụọ mejupụtara. Ngosipụta na ịda mbà n'obi ha gụnyere na-akwalite ngafe nke arịa ọbara nke ga-agba mmiri dura, anụ ahụ na-ekpuchi ụbụrụ.

nke temporaux

N'ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ, ọkpụkpụ abụọ nke anụ ahụ bụ akụkụ ala na akụkụ nke okpokoro isi. Ụlọ nsọ ahụ bụ mpaghara okpokoro isi nke gbara ntị gburugburu.

occiput

Ọkpụkpụ occipital bụ akụkụ azụ nke isi: ya mere ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke cranial fossa.

sphenoid

Ọkpụkpụ sphenoid nwere ọdịdị wedge. Ọ na-etolite isi nkuku nke isi okpokoro isi. N'ezie, ọ na-akọwapụta ọkpụkpụ niile nke okpokoro isi ma na-edebe ha n'ebe. N'ezie, ọ na-egosipụta n'ihu na ọkpụkpụ ihu yana ọkpụkpụ ethmoid, n'akụkụ ya na ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, na n'azụ ya na ọkpụkpụ occipital.

ethmoids

Ọkpụkpụ ethmoid, nke aha ya bụ maka myiri ya na sieve, si otú a nwee ọdịdị nke sponge. Ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ siri ike nke cranial fossa. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ọkpụkpụ ethmoid a na-etolite n'elu oghere nke imi.

Ọrụ nke ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi bụ ichekwa ụbụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ha na-emekwa ka o kwe omume ịkwado ọnọdụ nke ụbụrụ, ọbara na arịa lymphatic, site na meninges nke jikọtara na ihu ime ha. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihu dị n'èzí nke ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi na-eje ozi dị ka ntinye maka akwara nke na-enye ohere ịmegharị akụkụ dị iche iche nke isi.

Ọzọkwa, ihu mpụga nke ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi na-ekerekwa òkè na ọdịdị ihu, site na mpaghara ntinye nke ha nwere maka akwara na mmalite nke okwu a. Ọkpụkpụ ndị a dị iche iche mebere okpokoro isi yana ihu nwekwara ọrụ nke ịkwado na ichekwa akụkụ ahụ uche dịka nke:

• ọhụụ;
• metụ aka;
• nke gustation; 
• mmanụ aṅụ;
• ịnụ ihe;
• na itule.

Na mgbakwunye, okpokoro isi nwere foramina, nke bụ ebe a na-agafe agafe, yana mgbawa: ndị a na-eme ka arịa ọbara na irighiri akwara gafere.

Ọtụtụ anomalies na pathologies nwere ike imetụta okpokoro isi, tumadi:

Akpụkpụ ụkwụ

Ụfọdụ traumas nwere ike ịkpata ọnya na okpokoro isi, nke nwere mgbaji ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mgbawa, nke na-adịchaghị njọ. Mgbaji nke okpokoro isi bụ ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji gburugburu ụbụrụ. Mgbaji nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike jikọta ya na mmebi ụbụrụ.

Ihe mgbaàmà nke mgbaji okpokoro isi nwere ike ịgụnye mgbu na, na ụdị mgbaji ụfọdụ, mmiri na-esi na imi ma ọ bụ ntị, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbaji n'azụ ntị ma ọ bụ gburugburu anya.

Enwere ike ịkpata mgbaji ọkpụkpụ site na ọnya na-akpụ akpụkpọ ahụ, bụ nke na-emepe emepe emepe, ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị adụpu ya, mgbe ahụ, ha na-emechi ọnyá.

Ọkpụkpụ pathology

Tumors 

Ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, etuto nke ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi nwere ike ịpụta na etuto ahụ ma ọ bụ pseudotumor a na-achọpụtakarị na mberede. N'ezie, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ha na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-adakọkwa n'ụdị anatomical.

Ọrịa Paget

Ọ bụ ọrịa ọkpụkpụ na-adịghị ala ala nke ọkpụkpụ. Ebe ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ na-eche ihu nrụgharị pathological. Nke a na-akpata hypertrophy, yana ike ọgwụgwụ nke ọkpụkpụ. N'ezie, ka ọkpụkpụ resorption na nhazi na-abawanye, ọkpụkpụ na-adịwanye njọ karịa nke nkịtị, ma na-esikwa ike karị.

Usoro ọgwụgwọ a na-abụkarị asymptomatic mana mgbu nwere ike ime mgbe ụfọdụ na hypertrophy nwere ike ịpụta na ọkpụkpụ, yana nrụrụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe mgbu nwere ike ịdị omimi ma gbasie ike n'otu abalị.

Akpụkpụ ụkwụ

Ọtụtụ mgbaji ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ chọrọ nleba anya dị mfe n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ chọghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ịwa ahụ nwere ike, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, kwe ka mwepụ nke ndị mba ọzọ na / ma ọ bụ dochie iberibe okpokoro isi. Ọzọkwa, ndị nwere ọdịdọ chọrọ anticonvulsant.

Ọkpụkpụ etuto

A na-ewepụ ọtụtụ etuto ọkpụkpụ na-abụghị nke kansa site na ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha anaghị apụta ọzọ. Banyere etuto ahụ dị njọ, a ga-eji ọgwụgwọ dabere na ịwa ahụ yana chemotherapy na redio.

Ọrịa Paget

Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a bụ nke mbụ n'ịgwọ mgbu yana nsogbu ndị dị na ya. Na ndị ọrịa asymptomatic, ọ naghị adị mkpa mgbe ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ. 

Na mgbakwunye, ụmụ irighiri ọgwụ ọgwụ nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọrịa ahụ kwụsịlata, ọkachasị diphosphonates: ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-egbochi ntụgharị ọkpụkpụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ike ịgba ọgwụ calcitonin mana a na-eji ya naanị mgbe enweghị ike inye ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.

N'ikpeazụ, ndị ọrịa kwesịrị izere izu ike nke ukwuu iji gbochie hypercalcemia. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa, ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ ga-enye calcium na vitamin D. N'ihi ya, mgbakwunye vitamin D na calcium dị mkpa mgbe ụfọdụ, iji zere ịda mbà n'obi ọkpụkpụ.

Akpụkpụ ụkwụ

Nyocha densitometry ga-ekwe ka nchoputa nke ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi. N'ezie, a na-eduga ndị dọkịta ka ha chee na ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi na-adabere na ọnọdụ, mgbaàmà na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ nke ndị ọrịa na-eche ihu na nhụjuanya isi.

Ụzọ kacha mma iji gosi na nchoputa nke mgbawa okpokoro isi ka na-anọgide na-agbakọ tomography (CT), ka a ga-ahọrọ karịa imaging resonance imaging (MRI). N'ezie, x-ray nke okpokoro isi anaghị enyere ndị nwere mmerụ ahụ aka.

Ọkpụkpụ etuto

Nyocha nke ọnya ọnya na ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi na-ejikọta njirisi ahụike, dị ka afọ, mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ traumatic ma ọ bụ ịwa ahụ, na njirimara nke ọdịdị nke ụbụrụ.

Nyocha redio dabere na nyocha na MRI. Ihe nyocha si otú a na-enye ohere nyocha nke omimi nke mgbanwe na nhazi nke ọkpụkpụ. Banyere MRI, ọ na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọ mwakpo nke anụ ahụ subcutaneous. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye ohere nyocha nke ọdịdị anụ ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, nkwenye site na biopsy nwere ike ịdị mkpa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

Ọrịa Paget

A na-achọpụtakarị ọrịa ọrịa a na mberede, ọkachasị n'oge nyocha X-ray ma ọ bụ nyocha ọbara emere maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. A pụkwaraenyo nchoputa ahụ n'ihe gbasara mgbaàmà na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ.

Nchọpụta nke ọrịa Paget dabeere na ọtụtụ nyocha:

• x-ray ga-egosi njirimara ọdịdị nke ọrịa Paget;
• nyocha ụlọ nyocha ga-enye ọkwa nke alkaline phosphatase, enzyme na-etinye aka na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọkpụkpụ, calcium na phosphate n'ime ọbara;
• ọkpụkpụ scintigraphy iji chọpụta ọkpụkpụ ndị na-emetụta.

Achọpụtara ya na ugwu Chad na Julaị 2001, okpokoro okpokoro Toumaï dị nde afọ 6,9 ruo 7,2 gara aga. A na-eme atụmatụ ike cranial ya n'etiti 360 na 370 cm3, ma ọ bụ dakọtara na chimpanzees. Na mgbakwunye na morphology nke premolars na molars, nke nwere enamel toro karịa chimpanzees, na ihu ya dị mkpụmkpụ dị mkpụmkpụ, ọ bụ n'ezie isi nke okpokoro isi ya gosipụtara na hominid a bụ n'ezie alaka mmadụ, ọ bụghịkwa nke ya. chimpanzees. ma ọ bụ gorilla.

N'ezie, isi nke okpokoro isi a nke Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye (onye so na Franco-Chadian Paleoanthropological Mission, ma ọ bụ MPFT, nke Michel Brunet duziri) chọtara na-egosi oghere oghere n'ọnọdụ dị adịlarị n'ihu. Na mgbakwunye, ihu occipital ya na-atụgharị azụ azụ. Aha "Toumaï", nke putara "olileanya nke ndu" n'asusu Goran, nyere onye isi ala nke Republic of Chad.