Usoro nyocha nke immunoabsorption enzyme ejikọtara - na Bekee Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - ma ọ bụ ule ELISA bụ ule immunological nke na-enye ohere ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ nyocha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ime ihe nlele. Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Sweden abụọ, Peter Perlmann na Eva Engvall na Mahadum Stockholm chepụtara ma mepụta ya na 1971.

Ụmụ irighiri ihe nke usoro ELISA nyochara bụ n'ozuzu protein. Na ụdị nlele gụnyere mmiri mmiri ihe dị ndụ - plasma, serum, mmamịrị, perspirant -, cell culture media, ma ọ bụ a recombinant protein-protein emepụtara site cell nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa agbanweela site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa recombination - sachaa ka ọ bụrụ ngwọta.

A na-eji ule ELISA eme ihe na immunology iji chọpụta na / ma ọ bụ tụọ ọnụnọ nke protein, ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ antigens na nlele. Nnwale serological a na-achọpụta ọkachasị ọgwụ mgbochi anụ ahụ na-emepụta na nzaghachi na nje virus.

Ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi maka nchoputa nke ọrịa na-efe efe na-anọchite anya usoro a kapịrị ọnụ na ngwa ngwa. Usoro ELISA bụ usoro immuno-enzymatic nke na-eme ka o kwe omume iji anya nke uche hụ, site na ihe atụ nke ndu, mmeghachi omume n'etiti antigen - anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ dị ndụ na-ewere dị ka mba ọzọ - yana mgbochi na-eji mmeghachi omume agba nke akara enzyme mepụtara - n'ozuzu alkaline phosphatase na peroxidase - na mbụ etinyere na mgbochi. Mmeghachi omume agba na-akwado njirimara nke nje bacteria dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ nke nje a na-achọsi ike na ike nke agba na-enye ihe ngosi nke ọnụọgụ antigens ma ọ bụ ọgwụ nje na ihe nlele nyere.

Enwere ụdị ule ELISA anọ:

• ELISA kpọmkwem, na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ tụọ ọgwụ mgbochi. Ọ na-eji naanị ihe mgbochi mbụ;
• ELISA na-apụtaghị ìhè, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na-emekwa ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ nyochaa ọgwụ mgbochi. Ọ na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ na-enye ya nghọta ka mma karịa ELISA kpọmkwem;
• ELISA na asọmpi, na-enye ohere onunu ogwu nke antigens. Emepụtara site na asọmpi maka agbụ, ọ naghị eji enzyme;
• ELISA "na Sanwichi", na-enye ohere onunu ogwu nke antigens. A na-ejikarị usoro a eme nyocha.

A na-eji ule ELISA maka:

• Chọta ma tụọ ọgwụ nje na serology maka nchọpụta ọrịa na-efe efe: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, wdg;
• Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-edozi ahụ na obere mkpokọta: usoro ọgwụgwọ kpọmkwem nke ụfọdụ protein plasma (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, protein hormones, wdg), ihe nrịbama tumor, wdg;
• Dozie obere ụmụ irighiri ihe: homonụ steroid, homonụ thyroid, ọgwụ…

A na-eji ule ELISA eme ihe karịsịa iji chọpụta ọtụtụ ọrịa na-efe efe:

Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site ná mmekọahụ (STDs)

Gụnyere ịba ọcha n'anya, syphilis, chlamydia na HIV. Ndị ọrụ ahụike kwadoro, ọ bụ isi nyocha nke ọrịa AIDS: ọ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke mgbochi nje HIV na p24 antigen izu isii ka ọrịa gasịrị.

Ọrịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ endemic

Ahụ ọkụ na-acha odo odo, ọrịa Marburg nje (MVM), Ladengue, ọrịa Lyme, Chikungunya, ahụ ọkụ Rift Valley, Ebola, Lassa fever, wdg.

Covid-19

A ga-eme ihe karịrị izu 2 ruo 3 ka mmalite nke mgbaàmà ahụ gasịrị, ule ELISA na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta, n'ihe na-erughị otu awa, ọnụnọ nke ọgwụ mgbochi SARS-CoV-2.

Ọrịa nje nje na-ebute ọrịa tupu ịmụ nwa

Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex dịka ọmụmaatụ.

Ndị ọzọ

Mana ọ hụkwara ngwa na nchọpụta:

• Ime ime;
• Ọrịa autoimmune;
• Allergens nri: mkpebi nke ọnụọgụ nke ngụkọta immunoglobulins E (IgE) na-enyere aka na nyocha na ọgwụgwọ nke allergies;
• nsogbu nke hormonal;
• Akara akara;
• Osisi nje;
• Na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ

Dị ka akụkụ nke nchọpụta mgbochi SARS-CoV-2 ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, a na-anya ụgbọelu mere na August 2020 site Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Inserm na Mahadum Paris na-akwado ntụkwasị obi nke ule ELISA: ma ule ELISA nwalere iji. protein N dum nke SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) ma ọ bụ ngalaba extracellular nke nje virus (S) dị ka antigens lekwasịrị anya. Usoro a ga-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ọgwụ nje n'ihe karịrị 90% nke ikpe, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgha dị ala dị ala nke 1%.

Emere ya na ụlọ nyocha nyocha na ndenye ọgwụ, ule Elisa na-efu ihe dị ka euro 10 ma kwụọ ụgwọ ya na 100% site na mkpuchi ahụike.

Emere ya na ozi efu, nyocha na ebe nyocha (CeGIDD), ha nwere ike nweere onwe ha maka nje HIV na SARS-CoV-2.