Derk Pereboom: "Anyị ga-enwetakwu ihe ma ọ bụrụ na anyị akwụsị ịta ndị omempụ ahụhụ"

Psychology: Olee otú nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ si metụta omume?

Derk Perebum: Nke mbụ, àgwà anyị n’ebe nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ dị na-ekpebi otú anyị si emeso ndị omekome. Ka e were ya na anyị kwenyere na anyị nwere onwe anyị n'omume anyị. Onye omekome ahụ ghọtara na ọ na-eme ihe ọjọọ. N’ihi ya, anyị nwere ikike inye ya ntaramahụhụ iji weghachi ikpe ziri ezi.

Ma gịnị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ maghị omume ya? Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi nsogbu uche. E nwere echiche na anyị ka kwesịrị itinye usoro n'ọrụ ya ka ọ ghara ịkwado mpụ juru ebe niile. Ma mgbe ahụ, anyị na-eme ya ọ bụghị n'ihi na ọ bụ ikpe mara, ma dị ka ihe mgbochi. Ajụjụ a bụ, ànyị nwere ikike ime ihe enyemaka anya site na mmadụ?

The second point concerns our daily relationships with people. If we believe in free will, then we justify aggression towards offenders. This is what moral intuition tells us. It has to do with what the philosopher Galen Strawson called rocket launchers. If someone has done something bad to us, we feel resentment. This is a reaction to injustice. We take out our anger on the offender. Of course, being angry is also “bad,” and we often feel ashamed when we inadvertently give vent to anger. But if our feelings are hurt, we believe we have a right to be. The offender knew that he would hurt us, which means that he himself «asked for it.»

Ugbu a, ka anyị were obere ụmụaka. Ọ bụrụ na ha emee ihe ọjọọ, anyị anaghị ewesa ha iwe otú anyị na-eme ndị toro eto. Anyị maara na ụmụaka amabeghị nke ọma omume ha. N'ezie, anyị pụkwara inwe obi ụtọ ma ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị agbaji iko. Ma mmeghachi omume adịghị ike dị ka ọ dị n'ihe banyere ndị okenye.

Now imagine: what if we take it for granted that no one has free will, not even adults? What will this change in our relationship with each other? We will not hold each other responsible — at least not in a strict sense.

Gịnịkwa ka ọ ga-agbanwe?

PD: Echere m na ịjụ nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ ga-eduga n'eziokwu na anyị ga-akwụsị ịchọ ihe ziri ezi maka mmegide anyị, na n'ikpeazụ ọ ga-abara mmekọrịta anyị uru. Ka anyị kwuo na nwa gị na-akparị gị. Ị baara ya mba, ọ dịghịkwa anọgide n'ụgwọ. Esemokwu ahụ na-akawanye njọ. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị hapụ uche na-emeghachi omume site n'igosi njide kama, ị ga-enweta nsonaazụ kacha mma.

Anyị na-ewekarị iwe kpọmkwem n'ihi na anyị kwenyere na e wezụga nke a, anyị agaghị enweta nrubeisi.

PD: Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji mkpasu iwe na-azaghachi, ị ga-enweta mmeghachi omume siri ike ọbụna karị. Mgbe anyị na-agbalị iji iwe mee ka uche onye ọzọ kwụsị, anyị na-enwe mmegide. Ekwenyere m na enwere ohere mgbe niile igosipụta enweghị afọ ojuju n'ụzọ na-ewuli elu, na-enweghị mkpasu iwe.

Ee, ị gaghị emeri onwe gị ihe. Ma anyị ka ga-ewe iwe, ọ ga-ahụ anya.

PD: Yes, we are all subject to biological and psychological mechanisms. This is one of the reasons why we cannot be completely free in our actions. The question is How long importance do you give to your anger. You may think that he is justified because your offender is guilty and should be punished. But you can say to yourself, “He did this because it is in his nature. He can’t change her.»

Site n'ịhapụ iwe iwe, ị nwere ike ilekwasị anya na otu esi edozi ọnọdụ ahụ.

Ma eleghị anya na mmekọrịta ya na onye na-eto eto ọ ga-arụ ọrụ. Ma gịnị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emegbu anyị, na-emebi iwu anyị? Ịghara imeghachi omume n'ikpe na-ezighị ezi pụtara ịnakwere ya. Enwere ike ịhụ anyị ka ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị na-enweghị enyemaka.

PD: Mkpesa ekwesịghị ịbụ ike ike ka ọ dị irè. Dị ka ihe atụ, Mahatma Gandhi na Martin Luther King bụ ndị na-akwado ngagharị iwe n'udo. Ha kwenyere na iji nweta ihe, ịkwesighi igosi iwe. Ọ bụrụ na i jiri ebumnobi ezi uche mee ngagharị iwe, na-egosighị iwe, ọ ga-esiri ndị mmegide gị ike ịkpalite ịkpọasị megide gị. Yabụ na enwere ohere na ha ga-ege gị ntị.

N'ihe banyere Eze, ngagharị iwe ahụ nwere ụdị dị oke oke wee bute mmeri n'ikewapụ. Ma n'uche, Eze na Gandhi eyighị ka ndị na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ike ma ọlị. Nnukwu ike sitere na ha. N’ezie, achọghị m ikwu na e mere ihe nile n’enweghị iwe na ime ihe ike. Mana omume ha na-enye ihe atụ maka otu nguzogide nwere ike isi rụọ ọrụ na-enweghị mkpasu iwe.

Echiche a adịghị mfe ịnakwere. Ị na-eche iguzogide echiche gị ihu?

PD: N'ezie. Ma echere m na ụwa ga-aka mma ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ahapụ nkwenye anyị na nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ. N'ezie, nke a pụtara na anyị ga-ajụkwa ibu ọrụ omume. N'ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere United States, e nwere nkwenkwe zuru ebe nile na e kwesịrị ịta ndị omekome ahụhụ nke ukwuu. Ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka dị ka ndị a: ọ bụrụ na steeti adịghị ata ihe ọjọọ ahụhụ, ndị mmadụ ga-ebuli ngwá agha ma kpee onwe ha ikpe. A ga-emebi ntụkwasị obi na ikpe ziri ezi, ọgba aghara ga-abịa.

But there are prison systems that are organized differently — for example, in Norway or Holland. There, crime is a problem for the whole society, not for individuals. If we want to eradicate it, we need to make society better.

Kedu otu esi emezu nke a?

PD: Anyị aghaghị ịchọta ụzọ ọzọ dị irè karị isi guzogide ihe ọjọọ. Ụzọ nke ga-ewepụ ntaramahụhụ. Nanị ịhapụ ikwere na nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ ezughị. Ọ dị mkpa ka e mepụta usoro omume ọzọ. Ma anyị nwere ihe atụ n’ihu anyị. Gandhi na King nwere ike ime ya.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche banyere ya, ọ bụghị otú ahụ siri ike. Psychology nke mmadụ bụ nnọọ mobile, ọ na-agbazinye onwe ya ịgbanwe.