Ọkpụkpụ occipital (nke sitere na Latin occipitalis ochie, nke sitere na Latin dị ala, occiput, nke sitere na caput, nke pụtara isi) bụ ọkpụkpụ dị n'ụdị ọkpụkpụ nke isi, ma karịa n'ogo nke okpokoro isi.

ọnọdụ. Ọkpụkpụ occipital bụ ọkpụkpụ dị na okpokoro isi, otu n'ime akụkụ abụọ nke okpokoro isi nke mebere cranium ma kpuchie ụbụrụ1,2. Ovoid n'ọdịdị, okpokoro isi ụbụrụ nwere ọkpụkpụ asatọ n'etiti ha mgbe ha tolitere, ma kee ya na mpaghara abụọ:

• calvaria nke mejupụtara akụkụ elu ma ọ bụ oghere,
• isi nke mejupụtara akụkụ ala.

Dị n'ime calvaria na isi, ọkpụkpụ occipital na-ejikọta ya na ọkpụkpụ dị iche iche nke okpokoro isi ụbụrụ1,2:

• Ọkpụkpụ sphenoid, n'ihu na ọkwa nke isi;
• Ọkpụkpụ parietal, ihu na etiti nwere aiveau de la calvaria;
• Ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, n'ihu na n'azụ na ọkwa nke calvaria.

Structure. Ọkpụkpụ occipital na-ejikọta oghere cranial na cerebral canal, nke nwere eriri azụ azụ, ekele maka foramen magnum, oghere dị na ala nke ọkpụkpụ occipital. N'akụkụ nke ọ bụla na n'ihu foramen magnum, usoro condylar abụọ na-apụta iji kọwaa na atlas, nke mbụ cervical vertebra (2).

Ụzọ ụjọ. Ọkpụkpụ occipital na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ngafe nke ụzọ irighiri akwara dị n'etiti ụbụrụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ.

Nchedo. Akụkụ dị mkpa nke okpokoro isi, ọkpụkpụ occipital na-enye ohere karịsịa nchebe nke ụbụrụ.

Ọrịa dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi, gụnyere ọkpụkpụ occipital. Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ndị a dị iche iche mana enwere ike jikọta ya na mmebi, nrụrụ, ọrịa degenerative ma ọ bụ trauma.

Isi unan. Okpokoro isi, gụnyere ọkpụkpụ occipital karịsịa, nwere ike ịta ahụhụ n'ụdị mgbawa ma ọ bụ mgbaji. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mmebi isi nwere ike iso na mmebi ụbụrụ.

• Mgbawa nke okpokoro isi. Mgbawa bụ ọnya dị obere mana ekwesịrị ilele ya ka ọ ghara inwe nsogbu.
• Ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ. Dabere na ebe ahụ, a na-amata ụdị mgbaji abụọ: mgbaji nke isi nke okpokoro isi na mgbaji na ịda mbà n'obi nke cranial vault.

Ọkpụkpụ pathology. Ọkpụkpụ occipital nwere ike imetụta ụfọdụ ọkpụkpụ pathologies.

• Ọrịa Paget. A na -akọwa ọrịa ọkpụkpụ a site na ngwangwa nke imezi ọkpụkpụ. Mgbaàmà bụ mgbu ọkpụkpụ, isi ọwụwa, na nkwarụ cranial3.

Ọkpụkpụ etuto ahụ. Akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, etuto nwere ike ịmalite na ntọala okpokoro isi4, yana n'ogo nke cranial vault5.

• Isi ọwụwa (isi ọwụwa). Ihe mgbaàmà ugboro ugboro na ndị okenye na ụmụaka, ọ na-egosipụta dị ka mgbu n'egedege ihu. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata isi ọwụwa. Enwere ike ịkpọtụrụ dọkịta ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mgbu dị nkọ na mberede.
• Migraine. Otu ụdị isi ọwụwa, ọ na -amalitekarị site na mgbu mgbu mpaghara wee gosipụta onwe ya na ọdịdọ.

Ọgwụ. Dabere na nchọpụta ọrịa a chọpụtara, enwere ike ịdepụta ọgwụ ụfọdụ dịka ihe mgbu, mgbochi mkpali ma ọ bụ ọgwụ nje.

Usoro ọgwụgwọ. Dabere na pathology, enwere ike ịwa ahụ.

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche. Dabere n'ụdị na ogbo nke akpụ ahụ, enwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ ndị a bibie mkpụrụ ndụ kansa.

Nyocha ahụ. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe kpatara ụfọdụ mgbu ọkpọiso site na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ dị mfe.

Nyocha nyocha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịme nyocha ndị ọzọ dị ka nyocha CT ụbụrụ ma ọ bụ MRI ụbụrụ.

N'afọ 2013, ndị nyocha bipụtara n'akwụkwọ sayensị sayensị nyocha nke okpokoro isi zuru oke achọpụtara na Dmanisi na Georgia. Site na ihe dị ka nde afọ 1,8 gara aga, a kwenyere na okpokoro isi a bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya izizi nke Homo na mpụga Africa6. Nchọpụta a nwere ike ịnye ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara nhazi okpokoro isi n'oge mmalite evolushọn.