A na-eji Lobotomy, ọgwụgwọ ịwa ahụ maka ọrịa uche, n'ọtụtụ ebe mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. A gbahapụrụ ya kpamkpam n'ọtụtụ mba ụwa, gụnyere France. 

Lobotomy bụ ịwa ahụ ụbụrụ nke na-emebi akụkụ ụbụrụ prefrontal nke ụbụrụ. Akwụsịla njikọ (eriri akwara) n'etiti cortex prefrontal na ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ.

Onye dibia bekee nke Pọtugal bụ E. Moniz mepụtara usoro lobotomy mgbe ọ mụtachara na ọgbakọ nke abụọ International Congress of Neurology na 1935 na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America abụọ ewepụla ihu ihu nke chimpanzee iwe bụ onye ghọrọ placid ka usoro a gasịrị. Echiche ya? Akpụkpọ anụ n'ihu, dị mkpa maka mmegharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-ewute ndị nwere ọrịa uche. Site n'iwepụ akụkụ akụkụ akụkụ ihu ihu ndị a na ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ, onye ahụ ga-enwe mmegharị mmekọrịta ka mma. 

Ọ rụrụ lobotomy nke mbụ na mgbapu dị na Lisbon na Nọvemba 12, 1935 na onye akwụna mbụ dị afọ 63 bụ onye na-enweghị isi ma na-ata ahụhụ site na nkụda mmụọ. Usoro a mere ka ọ nweta Nrite Nobel maka ọgwụ na 1949. 

Na United States, e mere lobotomy mbụ na Septemba 14, 1936 site n'aka ndị ọkachamara n'ọrịa neuropsychiatrist America. Ha mepụtara usoro prefrontal lobotomy ọkọlọtọ. Na France, a na-eme lobotomy mgbe afọ 1945 gasịrị. Usoro ọgwụgwọ akparamaagwa a gbasara gburugburu ụwa mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. A na-eme atụmatụ na n'ime afọ 1945-1955 100 mmadụ gburugburu ụwa nwetara lobotomy. 

Kedu ka esi eme lobotomy ma ọ bụ leukotomy? 

Mgbe trepanation gasịrị (na-eme oghere na nchikota nke cranium maka usoro Moniz), a na-ekewapụ ihu ihu na ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ site na iji ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, leucotome. 

Kedu ka esi eme lobotomy transorbital?

Onye America Walter Freeman mere lobotomies transorbital nwere n'ọnụ ígwè ma ọ bụ ice pick emesia. A na-akwanye ọnụ ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe akpụrụ akpụ site na lobes orbital (oghe nku anya) n'otu n'otu, ịbanye n'ụbụrụ. A na-atụgharị ngwa ahụ n'akụkụ akụkụ iji wepụ njikọ site na lobe ihu na ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ.  

Nkọwa na lobotomies ndị a na-eme na ice pick bụ nke a na-eme na-enweghị anesthesia ma ọ bụ na-eji obere anesthesia (mpaghara ma ọ bụ venous ma ọ dị nnọọ ike) ma ọ bụ ọbụna mgbe nnọkọ electroshock (nke mere ka nkeji ole na ole nke amaghị ihe). 

Emere lobotomy dị ka ọgwụgwọ “ujo” nke uche tupu apụta ọgwụ neuroleptic. E nwere lobotomized schizophrenics, oke ịda mbà n'obi na nsogbu igbu onwe ya, ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe (OCD), psychosis na-adịghị mma, mkpasu iwe. A na-emekwa lobotomy na ndị mmadụ na-enwe oke mgbu na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ. Eva Perón, nwunye nke onye ndu Argentine Juan Perón, ga-abụrịrị lobotomized na 1952 iji belata ihe mgbu n'ihi ọrịa cancer nke akpanwa metastasized. 

A na-eme lobotomies maka ebumnuche ịgwọ ọrịa uche. N'ezie, usoro a gburu 14% nke ndị ọrịa a na-arụ ọrụ, ma hapụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu, enweghị mmasị, ọbụna na steeti vegetative na / ma ọ bụ nkwarụ maka oge ndụ ha niile. Nwanne JF Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, bụ ihe atụ dị mwute na ama ama. Lobotomized na 23, ọ nwere nnukwu nkwarụ wee tinye ya na ụlọ ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile. 

A katọrọ Lobotomy nke ukwuu kemgbe 1950s, ebe ndị dọkịta na-akatọ omume rụrụ arụ na enweghị mgbagha. Russia machibidoro ya iwu site na 1950. 

Mgbe nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma nke 1950s gasịrị, a gbahapụrụ lobotomy fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma mgbe ọ pụtachara nke neuroleptics (1952 na France, 1956 na USA) na mmepe nke electroshock, ọgwụgwọ abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe, wee pụọ kpamkpam na 1980s.