Disaccharides

Disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) bụ otu carbohydrates, ụmụ irighiri ihe nke mejupụtara shuga abụọ dị mfe jikọtara n'ime otu molekul site na njikọ glycosidic nke nhazi dị iche. Enwere ike ịnọchite anya usoro nke disaccharides dị ka C₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Dabere na nhazi nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na akụrụngwa kemịkalụ ha, a na-ekewa disaccharides na-ebelata na ndị na-adịghị ebelata. Mbelata disaccharides gụnyere lactose, maltose, na cellobiose; disaccharides na-adịghị ebelata gụnyere sucrose na trehalose.

Chemical Njirimara

Dissugar bụ ihe siri ike kristal. A na-acha kristal nke ihe dị iche iche site na ọcha na agba aja aja. Ha na-agbaze nke ọma na mmiri na mmanya, nwere uto dị ụtọ.

N'oge mmeghachi omume hydrolysis, a na-agbaji njikọ glycosidic, n'ihi nke a disaccharides na-agbaji n'ime shuga abụọ dị mfe. N'ime usoro ntụgharị nke hydrolysis, condensation na-ejikọta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ disaccharides n'ime carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya - polysaccharides.

Lactose - mmiri ara ehi sugar

A sụgharịrị okwu ahụ bụ "lactose" site na Latin dị ka "shuga mmiri ara ehi". Akpọrọ carbohydrate a aha n'ihi na a na-ahụ ya n'ụba na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi. Lactose bụ polymer nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ monosaccharides abụọ - glucose na galactose. N'adịghị ka disaccharides ndị ọzọ, lactose abụghị hygroscopic. Nweta carbohydrate a site na whey.

Nso nke ngwa

A na-eji lactose eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ. N'ihi enweghị hygroscopicity, a na-eji ya maka imepụta ọgwụ ndị na-adabere na sugar hydrolysable dị mfe. Carbohydrates ndị ọzọ, nke bụ hygroscopic, na-ada ngwa ngwa na ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ha na-emebi ngwa ngwa.

A na-eji shuga mmiri ara ehi na ụlọ nyocha ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-edozi ahụ maka ịmepụta omenala dị iche iche nke nje bacteria na fungi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mmepụta nke penicillin.

Lactose isomerized na ọgwụ na-emepụta lactulose. Lactulose bụ probiotic dị ndụ nke na-emezi mmegharị nke eriri afọ n'ọnọdụ afọ ntachi, dysbacteriosis na nsogbu mgbaze ndị ọzọ.

Njirimara Bara Uru

Mmiri ara ehi bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-edozi ahụ na nke rọba, dị mkpa maka mmepe nkwekọrịta nke anụ ahụ na-eto eto nke mammals, gụnyere nwa ọhụrụ. Lactose bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ maka mmepe nke nje bacteria lactic acid n'ime eriri afọ, nke na-egbochi mmepe nke usoro nsị na ya.

N'ime uru bara uru nke lactose, enwere ike ịmata na, na oke ike ike, a naghị eji ya emepụta abụba ma ghara ịbawanye ọkwa cholesterol n'ime ọbara.

Ihe ojoo nwere ike ime

Lactose anaghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ. Naanị ihe mgbochi maka iji ngwaahịa nwere shuga mmiri ara ehi bụ enweghị nnabata lactose, nke na-eme n'ime ndị nwere ụkọ enzyme lactase, nke na-akụda shuga mmiri ara ehi ka ọ bụrụ carbohydrates dị mfe. Enweghi ndidi lactose bụ ihe na-akpata mmebi nke ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi site na ndị mmadụ, ọtụtụ mgbe ndị okenye. Pathology a na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụdị mgbaàmà dịka:

• ọgbụgbọ na ịgba agbọ;
• afọ ọsịsa;
• bloating;
• ọnyá afọ;
• itching na rashes na akpụkpọ ahụ;
• rhinitis nke nfụkasị;
• afụli

Enweghi ndidi lactose na-abụkarị physiological, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụkọ lactase metụtara afọ.

Maltose - sugar malt

Maltose, nke nwere mfu glucose abụọ, bụ disaccharide nke ọka na-emepụta iji wuo anụ ahụ nke embrayo ha. A na-ahụ obere maltose na pollen na nectar nke osisi ifuru, yana na tomato. Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nje na-emepụtakwa shuga malt.

N'ime anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, maltose na-etolite site na nkwụsị nke polysaccharides - starch na glycogen - site n'enyemaka nke maltase enzyme.

Isi ọrụ dị ndụ nke maltose bụ inye anụ ahụ ihe ike.

Ihe ojoo nwere ike ime

A na-egosipụta ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ site na maltose naanị na ndị nwere ụkọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke maltase. N'ihi ya, n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ, mgbe ị na-eri nri nwere maltose, starch ma ọ bụ glycogen, ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị oxidized na-agbakọta, na-akpalite afọ ọsịsa siri ike. Ewepụ nri ndị a na nri ma ọ bụ iji maltase nkwadebe enzyme na-enyere aka mee ka ngosipụta nke nnabata maltose dị elu.

Sucrose - shuga okpete

Sugar, nke dị na nri anyị kwa ụbọchị, ma n'ụdị ya dị ọcha ma dịka akụkụ nke efere dị iche iche, bụ sucrose. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ glucose na fructose.

N'okike, a na-achọta sucrose n'ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche: mkpụrụ osisi, tomato, akwụkwọ nri, yana n'ime okpete, site na ebe mbụ a na-egwupụta ya. Nbibi nke sucrose na-amalite n'ọnụ wee kwụsị na eriri afọ. N'okpuru mmetụta nke alfa-glucosidase, a na-agbaji shuga okpete n'ime glucose na fructose, nke na-abanye ngwa ngwa n'ime ọbara.

Njirimara Bara Uru

Uru nke sucrose doro anya. Dị ka disaccharide a na-ahụkarị na okike, sucrose na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi ike maka ahụ. Na-emeju ọbara na glucose na fructose, shuga okpete:

• na-eme ka ọrụ ụbụrụ nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị - onye na-eji ike eme ihe;
• bụ isi iyi ike maka mkpụkọ akwara;
• na-abawanye arụmọrụ nke ahụ;
• na-akpali njikọ nke serotonin, n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ọnọdụ uche dịkwuo mma, ịbụ ihe na-akpata antidepressant;
• na-ekere òkè n'ịmepụta atụmatụ (na ọ bụghị naanị) nchekwa abụba;
• na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike na carbohydrate metabolism;
• na-akwado ọrụ detoxification nke imeju.

Ọrụ bara uru nke sucrose na-apụta naanị mgbe ejiri ya na oke oke. A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe kacha mma iri 30-50 g nke shuga okpete na nri, ihe ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ya dị ọcha.

Imerụ ahụ mgbe emejọ ya

Ịgafe ihe oriri kwa ụbọchị jupụtara na ngosipụta nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke sucrose:

• ọrịa endocrine (ọrịa shuga, oke ibu);
• mbibi nke eze enamel na pathologies na akụkụ nke musculoskeletal usoro n'ihi mmebi nke ịnweta metabolism;
• akpụkpọ anụ na-agba agba, mbọ na-agbaji agbaji na ntutu isi;
• mmebi nke ọnọdụ akpụkpọ ahụ (ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe otutu);
• nkwụsị nke mgbochi (immunosuppressant dị irè);
• mbelata ọrụ enzyme;
• ụba acidity nke ihe ọricụricụ gastric;
• mmebi nke akụrụ;
• hypercholesterolemia na triglyceridemia;
• osooso ịka nká.

Ebe ọ bụ na vitamin B na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ntinye nke ngwaahịa mmebi sucrose (glucose, fructose), oke oriri na-atọ ụtọ na-ejupụta na ụkọ vitamin ndị a. Enweghị vitamin B ogologo oge dị ize ndụ na ọrịa obi na arịa ọbara na-adịgide adịgide, pathologies nke ọrụ neuropsychic.

N'ime ụmụaka, agụụ maka sweets na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọrụ ha ruo mmepe nke hyperactivity syndrome, neurosis, mgbakasị ahụ.

Cellobiose disaccharide

Cellobiose bụ disaccharide nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ glucose abụọ. A na-emepụta ya site na osisi na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nje. Cellobiosis enweghị uru ndu maka ụmụ mmadụ: n'ime ahụ mmadụ, ihe a anaghị agbaji, kama ọ bụ ngwakọta ballast. Na osisi, cellobiose na-arụ ọrụ nhazi, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke cellulose molecule.

Trehalose - ero shuga

Trehalose bụ ihe mejupụtara molekul glucose abụọ. Edebere na fungi dị elu (ya mere aha ya nke abụọ - mycosis), algae, lichens, ụfọdụ ikpuru na ụmụ ahụhụ. A kwenyere na nchikota nke trehalose bụ otu n'ime ọnọdụ maka mmụba cell na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Ọ naghị etinye aka na ya n'ahụ mmadụ, Otú ọ dị, ọnyà buru ibu n'ime ọbara nwere ike ime ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.

Disaccharides na-ekesa nke ọma na okike - na anụ ahụ na sel nke osisi, fungi, anụmanụ, nje bacteria. A na-etinye ha na nhazi nke mgbagwoju anya molecular complexes, a na-ahụkwa ha na steeti efu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha (lactose, sucrose) bụ ihe ike maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ndị ọzọ (cellobiose) na-arụ ọrụ nhazi.