Oncogene bụ mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke okwu ya nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nke ọrịa kansa. Kedu ụdị oncogenes dị iche iche? Kedu usoro eji eme ha? Nkọwa.

Oncogene (nke sitere na Greek onkos, tumor na genos, ọmụmụ) nke a na-akpọ proto-oncogene (c-onc) bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke okwu ya nwere ike inye phenotype cancer na cell eukaryotic nkịtị. N'ezie, oncogenes na-achịkwa njikọ nke protein ndị na-akpali nkewa cell (nke a na-akpọ oncoproteins) ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ọnwụ cell akwadoro (ma ọ bụ apoptosis). Oncogenes na-ahụ maka mmụba cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-ebute mmepe nke mkpụrụ ndụ kansa.

E kewara Oncogenes n'ime klaasị 6 nke dabara n'otu n'otu na oncoproteins ha na-etinye koodu:

• ihe na-eto eto. Ọmụmaatụ: proto-oncogene na-edozi protein nke ezinaụlọ FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor);
• ndị na-anabata ihe na-eto eto transmembrane. Ọmụmaatụ: proto-oncogene erb B nke koodu maka EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) nnabata;
• G-protein ma ọ bụ protein membran na-ejikọta GTP. Ọmụmaatụ: proto-oncogenes nke ezinụlọ ras;
• protein kinase nke membrane tyrosine;
• protein nke akpụkpọ ahụ;
• protein nwere ọrụ nuklia.Ọmụmaatụ: proto-oncogenes erb A, phos, June et c-myc.

A na-ahụ maka mmelite cell site na sel okirikiri. A kọwara nke ikpeazụ site n'usoro ihe omume na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ sitere na cell nne. Anyị na-ekwu maka ya cell nkewa ma ọ bụ "mitosis".

A ghaghị ịhazi okirikiri cell. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na nkewa cell ezughị oke, organism anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma; N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na nkewa sel dị ukwuu, mkpụrụ ndụ na-abawanye na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, nke na-akwalite ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ kansa.

A na-ekwe nkwa iwu usoro okirikiri cell site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ekesara ụzọ abụọ:

• anti-oncogenes nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke cell site n'ibelata okirikiri cell;
• proto-oncogenes (c-onc) ma ọ bụ oncogenes nke na-akwalite mmụba cell site na ịgbalite okirikiri cell.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị atụnyere okirikiri cell na ụgbọ ala, mgbochi oncogenes ga-abụ breek na proto-oncogenes ga-abụ ihe accelerators nke ikpeazụ.

Ọdịdị ahụ nke etuto nwere ike pụta site na ngbanwe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ anti-oncogenes ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ megidere mmụgharị na-arụ ọrụ proto-oncogenes (ma ọ bụ oncogenes).

Mwepu nke ọrụ mgbochi oncogenes na-egbochi ha ịrụ ọrụ mgbochi mmụba cell ha. Mgbochi nke anti-oncogenes bụ ọnụ ụzọ na-emeghe na nkewa cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke nwere ike iduga ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọjọọ.

Otú ọ dị, anti-oncogenes bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa cellular, ya bụ, ha dị na abụọ nke chromosomes na-ebu ha n'ime oghere nke cell. Ya mere, mgbe otu ụdị nke anti-oncogene adịghị arụ ọrụ, nke ọzọ na-eme ka o kwe omume ime ihe dị ka breeki ka e wee chebe isiokwu ahụ megide mgbasawanye cell na megide ihe ize ndụ nke etuto ahụ. Nke a bụ ikpe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke mkpụrụ ndụ BRCA1, ngbanwe mgbochi nke na-ekpughe ọrịa cancer ara. Ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ nke abụọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a na-arụ ọrụ, onye ọrịa na-anọgide na-echebe ya n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ebute ya n'ihi ntụpọ mbụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke echiche dị otú ahụ, a na-atụle mastectomy mgbochi abụọ mgbe ụfọdụ.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ngbanwe na-arụ ọrụ na-emetụta proto-oncogenes na-emesi mmetụta na-akpali akpali ha na mmụba cell. Mmụba cell nke anarchic na-ebute mmepe nke ọrịa cancer.

Dịka anti-oncogenes, pro-oncogenes bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa cellular, dị na nke abụọ na chromosomes abụọ na-ebu ha. Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka anti-oncongens, ọnụnọ nke otu pro-oncogene mutated zuru ezu iji mepụta mmetụta ndị na-atụ egwu (na nke a, mmụba cell). Ya mere onye ọrịa bu ngbanwe a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa kansa.

Mgbanwe dị na oncogenes nwere ike ịbụ nke a na-emeghị n'oge, ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ọbụna kpatara mutagens (chemicals, UV rays, wdg).

Ọtụtụ usoro dị na mmalite nke ịgbalite mgbanwe nke oncogenes ma ọ bụ pro-oncogenes (c-onc):

• viral integration: ntinye nke nje DNA na ọkwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Nke a bụ ihe atụ gbasara papillomavirus mmadụ (HPV), nke a na-ebute site ná mmekọahụ;
• tụọ ngbanwe n'usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye protein;
• ihichapụ: mfu nke nnukwu ma ọ bụ nke nta nke DNA, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata;
• nhazigharị nhazi: mgbanwe chromosomal (ngbanwe, ntụgharị) na-eduga n'ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ngwakọ na-etinye protein na-adịghị arụ ọrụ;
• mmụba: mmụba na-adịghị mma nke ọnụọgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị na cell. Mmụba a n'ozuzu na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọkwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa;
• Mwepu nke okwu nke RNA: a na-ewepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi ha nkịtị ma tinye ya n'okpuru nchịkwa na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke usoro ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mgbanwe nke okwu ha.

Genes na-edobe ihe uto uto ma ọ bụ ndị nnata ha:

• PDGF: na-edobe ihe na-eto eto platelet jikọtara ya na glioma (ọrịa cancer nke ụbụrụ);
  Erb-B: na-edobe ihe nnabata nke uto epidermal. Ejikọtara ya na glioblastoma (ọrịa cancer nke ụbụrụ) na ọrịa ara ara;
• Erb-B2 a na-akpọkwa HER-2 ma ọ bụ neu: na-edobe onye na-anabata ihe na-eto eto. Ejikọtara ya na ara, gland salivary na cancer ovarian;
• RET: na-edekọ ihe nnabata uto uto. Ejikọtara ya na ọrịa cancer thyroid.

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edobe cytoplasmic relays na ụzọ mkpali:

• Ki-ras: jikọtara ya na ngụgụ, ovarian, colon na cancer pancreatic;
• N-ras: jikọtara ya na leukemia.

Ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akwalite uto:

• C-myc: jikọtara ya na leukemia na ara, afo na ọrịa cancer akpa ume;
• N-myc: jikọtara ya na neuroblastoma (ọrịa cancer nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwara) na glioblastoma;
• L-myc: jikọtara ya na ọrịa cancer akpa ume.

Genes na-edobe ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ:

• Hcl-2: na-etinye protein nke na-egbochi igbu onwe cell. jikọtara ya na lymphomas nke B lymphocytes;
• Bel-1: ahakwara PRAD1. Encodes Cyclin DXNUMX, onye na-eme ihe elekere elekere cell. Ejikọtara ya na ọrịa ara ara, isi na olu;
• MDM2: na-edobe onye na-emegide protein nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-egbochi tumor mepụtara.
• P53: jikọtara ya na sarcomas (ọrịa cancer anụ ahụ) na ọrịa cancer ndị ọzọ.

Nje virus oncogenic bụ nje ndị nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ ha na-ebute ọrịa cancer. 15% nke ọrịa cancer nwere etiology viral na ọrịa cancer ndị a bụ ihe kpatara ihe dị ka nde 1.5 ọhụrụ kwa afọ yana ọnwụ 900 kwa afọ n'ụwa niile.

Ọrịa kansa nje na-ejikọta ya bụ nsogbu ahụike ọha:

• a na-ejikọta papillomavirus na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% nke ọrịa cancer cervical;
• 75% nke hepatocarcinomas niile jikọtara ya na nje ịba ọcha n'anya B na C.

Enwere ụdị nje nje oncogenic ise, ma ha bụ nje RNA ma ọ bụ nje DNA.

RNA nje

• Retroviridae (HTVL-1) na-etinye gị n'ihe ize ndụ nke T leukemia;
• Flaviviridae (nje ịba ọcha n'anya C) nọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka carcinoma hepatocellular.

DNA nje

• Papovaviridae (papillomavirus 16 na 18) na-ekpughe ọrịa kansa nke cervix;
• Herpesviridae (Esptein Barr nje) na-ekpughere B lymphoma na carcinoma;
• Herpesviridae (nke mmadụ herpesvirus 8) na-ekpughere ọrịa Kaposi na lymphomas;
• Hepadnaviridae (nje ịba ọcha n'anya B) na-enwe ike ịnweta carcinoma hepatocellular.