The sternum (sitere na Latin sternum, site na Greek sternon) bụ ọkpụkpụ nke thorax nke mebere ọgịrịga n'akụkụ etiti ya.

Sternum bụ ọkpụkpụ dị larịị nke dị n'ihu thorax, n'etiti etiti ahụ (n'etiti). Ọ na-akọwa n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla na ọgịrịga asaa mbụ yana clavicles nke ọ na-emepụta nkwonkwo sternoclavicular. Edobere n'elu n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ dị n'ihu akụkụ buru ibu nke obi.

A na-eme ọkpụkpụ ara ahụ site na ngwakọta nke ọkpụkpụ atọ:

• Lekwa sternal,
• Ahụ ọkpụkpụ ara,
• Usoro xiphoid.

Enwere akara ngosi anatomical atọ dị mkpa:

• Ọkpụkpụ jugular na-egosi nsọtụ elu nke sternum. Ọ na-adị mfe palpable n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ bụ oghere anyị na-eche na ala nke olu.
• Akụkụ sternal dị n'ókè nke manubrium sternal na ahụ. Ọzọkwa palpable, ọ pụtara n'ụdị nke kehoraizin riiji.
• Njikọ sternal dị ala, nke dị na njikọ dị n'etiti ahụ nke sternum na usoro xiphoid.

Ụbụrụ sternum na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ nke oghere ọgịrịga. Ọgịrịga na thoracic vertebrae jikọtara ya na ya iji wuchaa ya.

Mgbaji sternum :

A na-ejikọta ọkpụkpụ sternum na trauma, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Mmetụta ozugbo nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe mberede ụgbọ ala (eriri oche na-agbanye n'ime obi ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke ụgbọ ala) ma ọ bụ metụtara egwuregwu. Ihe na-akpata mgbaji na-apụtaghị ìhè nwere ike ime na ndị agadi nwere osteoporosis, dịka ọmụmaatụ. A chọpụtakwara mgbaji mgbawa na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-esochi mmega ahụ elu ugboro ugboro. Ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ ara ndị a nwere ike ime na iche ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ:

– Kewapụrụ: naanị sternum na-emetụta. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrịa na-agbake kpamkpam mgbe izu ole na ole nke izu ike gasịrị.

- Ejikọtara ya na mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ: ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkpụkpụ sternum na-ejikọta ya na ọrịa dị njọ nke nwere ike ime ka ọnwụ na 25 ruo 45% nke ikpe (3). Ahụhụ ndị a nwere ike imetụta naanị anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ rute n'ime oghere ọgịrịga (mgbaji ọkpụkpụ, obi, ngụgụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ, wdg).

Mgbasa nke sternoclavicular : nkwụsị nke nkwonkwo n'etiti clavicle na sternum, ọ bụ ugboro anọ ugboro ugboro karịa acromioclavicular.

Ihe mgbochi akpụ : ha nwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya na mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ike inwe mmetụta na sternum. Ihe mgbu ndị a na-abụkarị n'ihi ọrịa obi (dịka myocardial infarction) ma ọ bụ ọrịa vaskụla (dịka ọmụmaatụ pulmonary embolism) ma chọọ ọgwụgwọ ngwa ngwa.

Sterral fente : mmebi nke sternum na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke amaghị ihe kpatara ya. N'oge ndụ nwa embrayo, ọ na-ebute nrụrụ na ngwakọta nke ogwe ọkpụkpụ ezubere ka ọ bụrụ sternum, nke na-emekarị site n'elu ruo na ala iji mechie ya kpamkpam. Ịwa ahụ n'ime izu mbụ mgbe amuchara nwa na-emechi ọkpụkpụ ara ma si otú a na-echebe obi na nnukwu arịa dị n'azụ ya.

sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis : pathology na-adịghị ahụkebe nke amaghị ihe kpatara ya, ọ na-ebute hypertrophy na condensation nke sternum, ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na ọgịrịga mbụ. Ọ na-akacha emetụta ndị agadi nwoke. Isi ihe mgbaàmà bụ ọzịza na-egbu mgbu n'ọkpụkpụ ara.

Tumor nke ọkpụkpụ ara : Ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ nke mgbidi obi nwere ike ịdịkarịa ala n'ọkpụkpụ ara ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ olu. Ụdị akpụ ọkpụkpụ a na-anọchi anya ihe na-erughị 5% nke ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ niile (6).

Pathologies nke sternum bụ n'ihi trauma mpụga ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe nke kpatara amaghị ama. Ya mere o siri ike igbochi ha.

Mgbapu sternal: omume itinye agịga n'ime ọkpụkpụ ara iji wepụ ụmị ọkpụkpụ. Ụmị a nwere ihe a na-akpọ mkpụrụ ndụ hematopoietic, nke dị na mmalite nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara dị iche iche. Nyocha ụlọ nyocha nke sel ndị a bụ myelogram. A na-eji ya chọpụta ihe na-adịghị mma n'otu n'ime ahịrị sel ọbara. Enwere ike ịme nsị a n'ọkpụkpụ nke pelvis, ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ọkpụkpụ lumbar.

Nlele onyonyo:

• Radiography: usoro onyonyo ahụike nke na-eji X-ray. Radiography nke sternum ma ọ bụ nkwonkwo sternoclavicular bụ nyocha ọkọlọtọ nke ntụnye aka na pathologies jikọtara na trauma.
• Scanner: Usoro onyonyo nke mejupụtara “nyocha” mpaghara ahụ enyere iji mepụta onyonyo n'ofe akụkụ, n'ihi iji ụzarị X-ray. Anyị na-ekwukwa maka nyocha kọmputa ma ọ bụ nyocha CT. Nnwale a na-enye ohere ịhụ anya nke ọma nke ọkpụkpụ medullary yana anụ ahụ dị nro nke nkwonkwo na gburugburu nkwonkwo.
• MRI (ihe onyonyo resonance magnet): nyocha ahụike maka ebumnuche nyocha nke emere site na iji nnukwu ngwaọrụ cylindrical ebe a na-emepụta oghere magnetik na ebili mmiri redio. Ọ na-enye foto ziri ezi nke ọkpụkpụ sternum.
• Ọkpụkpụ scintigraphy: Usoro onyonyo nke mejupụtara inye onye ọrịa ihe tracer redioaktivu nke na-agbasa n'ime ahụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ahụ a ga-enyocha. Ya mere, ọ bụ onye ọrịa "na-ewepụta" radieshon nke ngwaọrụ ahụ ga-ebuli. Scintigraphy na-eme ka o kwe omume ịhụ ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo. N'ọnọdụ nke sternum, a na-eji ya karịsịa maka nchọpụta nke sternocosto-clavicular hyperostosis.

A na-eme atụmatụ na 5% nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere "ụdị sternal", ma ọ bụ sternal perforation, ma ọ bụ oghere gburugburu na ahụ nke ọkpụkpụ ara. Oghere a, nke yiri nke mgbọ hapụrụ na-agafe n'ọkpụkpụ ara, na-akọwa n'ezie site na ntụpọ na ossification (8,9).