Ndị na-edozi

Protein bụ ihe okike macromolecular nke nwere agbụ nke amino acid jikọtara ya na njikọ peptide. Ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke ogige ndị a bụ nhazi nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na ahụ (ọrụ enzymatic). Na mgbakwunye, ha na-arụ ọrụ nchebe, hormonal, nhazi, nri, ọrụ ike.

Site na nhazi, a na-ekewa protein n'ime ihe dị mfe (protein) na mgbagwoju anya (proteid). Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid fọdụrụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị iche iche: myoglobin bụ 140, insulin bụ 51, nke na-akọwa oke molekul dị elu nke ogige ahụ (Mr), nke sitere na 10 000 ruo 3 000 000 Dalton.

Protein na-aza 17% nke ngụkọta arọ mmadụ: 10% bụ akpụkpọ anụ, 20% bụ cartilage, ọkpụkpụ, na 50% bụ mọzụlụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na amụbeghị ọrụ nke protein na proteid nke ọma taa, arụ ọrụ nke sistem ụjọ ahụ, ikike itolite, ịmụpụta ahụ, usoro metabolic na ọkwa cellular na-emetụta ọrụ amino. acids.

Akụkọ banyere nchọpụta

Usoro nke ịmụ protein sitere na narị afọ XVIII, mgbe otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke French chemist Antoine Francois de Furcroix duziri nyochara albumin, fibrin, gluten. N'ihi ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, a chịkọtara protein ma kewapụ ya na klas dị iche.

N'afọ 1836, na nke mbụ, Mulder tụpụtara ihe atụ ọhụrụ nke usoro kemịkal nke protein dabere na tiori nke radicals. A na-anabatakarị ya ruo n'afọ 1850. Aha nke oge a nke protein - protein - onyinye natara na 1838. Na njedebe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, ọkà mmụta sayensị German bụ A. Kossel mere nchọpụta na-akpali akpali: ọ bịara ná nkwubi okwu na amino acid bụ isi ihe nhazi nke ihe nhazi. "Ihe ndị e ji ewu ụlọ". E gosipụtara echiche a na nnwale na mmalite narị afọ nke XNUMX site n'aka onye German chemist Emil Fischer.

Na 1926, otu ọkà mmụta sayensị America, James Sumner, na nyocha ya, chọpụtara na urease enzyme a na-emepụta n'ime ahụ bụ nke protein. Nchọpụta a mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ụwa sayensị ma mee ka a ghọta mkpa protein dị maka ndụ mmadụ. N'afọ 1949, onye England bụ́ ọkà n'ihe banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, Fred Sanger, ji nnwale wepụta usoro amino acid nke insulin homonụ, bụ́ nke kwadoro izi ezi nke iche na protein bụ polymers linear nke amino acids.

N'afọ ndị 1960, na nke mbụ na ndabere nke X-ray diffraction, a na-enweta oghere oghere nke protein na ọkwa atọm. Ọmụmụ ihe ngwakọta organic nke dị elu na-aga n'ihu ruo taa.

Ọdịdị protein

Isi ihe nhazi nke protein bụ amino acids, nke nwere amino group (NH2) na carboxyl residues (COOH). N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nitric-hydrogen radicals na-ejikọta ya na ion carbon, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọnọdụ nke na-ekpebi njirimara kpọmkwem nke ihe peptide. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-emesi ọnọdụ carbon n'ihe metụtara otu amino ike n'aha ya na prefix pụrụ iche: alfa, beta, gamma.

Maka ndị na-edozi ahụ, alfa-amino acids na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nhazi, ebe ọ bụ naanị ha, mgbe ị na-agbatị agbụ polypeptide, na-enye mpempe akwụkwọ protein ọzọ nkwụsi ike na ike. A na-achọta ngwakọta nke ụdị a na ọdịdị n'ụdị abụọ: L na D (ma e wezụga glycine). Ihe ndị dị n'ụdị nke mbụ bụ akụkụ nke protein nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke anụmanụ na osisi na-emepụta, na ụdị nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe owuwu nke peptides nke na-abụghị ribosomal synthesis na fungi na bacteria.

A na-ejikọta ihe ndị na-ewu ụlọ nke protein site na njikọ polypeptide, bụ nke a na-emepụta site na ijikọta otu amino acid na carboxyl nke amino acid ọzọ. A na-akpọkarị ihe owuwu dị mkpụmkpụ peptides ma ọ bụ oligopeptides (arọ molekụla 3-400 dalton), na ogologo, nke nwere ihe karịrị amino acid 10, polypeptides. Ọtụtụ mgbe, agbụ protein nwere 000 – 50 amino acid residues, na mgbe ụfọdụ 100 – 400. Protein na-etolite kpọmkwem oghere owuwu n'ihi na intramolecular mmekọrịta. A na-akpọ ha nhazi protein.

Enwere ọkwa anọ nke nhazi protein:

1. Nke bụ isi bụ usoro ahịrị ahịrị nke ihe fọdụrụ amino acid jikọtara ọnụ site na njikọ polypeptide siri ike.
2. Secondary – nhazi nke iwu irighiri protein dị na mbara igwe n'ime okirikiri ma ọ bụ apịaji.
3. Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị – ụzọ nke ịtọọ oghere nke yinye polypeptide helical, site na mpịachi usoro nke abụọ n'ime bọọlụ.
4. Quaternary - protein mkpokọta (oligomer), nke a na-eme site na mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ polypeptide chains nke usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.

E kewara udi nke protein ahụ n'ime otu atọ:

• fibrillary;
• globular;
• akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ụdị protein nke mbụ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe jikọrọ ya na eri nke na-etolite eriri na-adịte aka ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu nwere akwa. Nyere na protein fibrillar ji ike arụ ọrụ dị elu mara, ha na-arụ ọrụ nchebe na nhazi n'ime ahụ. Ndị nnọchianya nke protein ndị a bụ keratins ntutu na collagens anụ ahụ.

Protein Globular nwere otu agbụ polypeptide ma ọ bụ karịa apịaji n'ime nhazi ellipsoidal kọmpat. Ndị a gụnyere enzymes, ihe ndị na-ebuga ọbara, na protein anụ ahụ.

Ngwakọta membrane bụ ihe owuwu polypeptide nke etinyere n'ime shea nke akụkụ ahụ cell. Ogige ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-anabata ya, na-agafe ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa na akara ngosi kpọmkwem site n'elu.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere nnukwu protein dị iche iche, nke a na-ekpebi site na ọnụọgụ amino acid dị n'ime ha, nhazi oghere na usoro ọnọdụ ha.

Otú ọ dị, maka ịrụ ọrụ nkịtị nke ahụ, ọ bụ nanị 20 alpha-amino acids nke L-usoro ka achọrọ, 8 n'ime ha anaghị emepụta ya site na ahụ mmadụ.

Njirimara anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal

Ọdịdị oghere na amino acid mejupụtara protein ọ bụla na-ekpebi njirimara physicochemical ya.

Protein bụ ihe siri ike na-emepụta ngwọta colloidal mgbe ha na mmiri na-emekọ ihe. Na emulsions mmiri, protein dị n'ụdị nke ebubo ebubo, ebe ọ bụ na ihe mejupụtara ya gụnyere polar na ionic iche (-NH2, -SH, -COOH, -OH). Ụgwọ nke molekul protein na-adabere na oke nke carboxyl (-COOH), amine (NH) residues na pH nke ọkara. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, usoro nke protein sitere na anụmanụ nwere ọtụtụ amino acid dicarboxylic (glutamic na aspartic), nke na-ekpebi ike ha na-adịghị mma na ngwọta mmiri.

Ụfọdụ ihe nwere nnukwu ego nke diamino acid (histidine, lysine, arginine), n'ihi na ha na-akpa àgwà na mmiri mmiri dị ka protein cations. Na aqueous ngwọta, onyinye bụ kwụsiri ike n'ihi na ibe repulsion nke ahụ dị ka ebubo. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe na pH nke ọkara na-agụnye mgbanwe ọnụọgụ nke otu ionized na protein.

Na gburugburu acidic, a na-egbochi ire ere nke otu carboxyl, nke na-eduga n'ibelata ike na-adịghị mma nke protein protein. Na alkali, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ionization nke amine residues na-ebelata, n'ihi ya, ụgwọ dị mma nke protein na-ebelata.

N'otu pH, nke a na-akpọ ebe isoelectric, nkwụsịtụ alkaline bụ nke acidic, n'ihi nke a na-agbakọta na protein ahụ. Maka ọtụtụ peptides, uru a dị na gburugburu obere acidic. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe owuwu na a nkọ predominance nke alkaline Njirimara. Nke a pụtara na ọtụtụ protein na-agbakọta na gburugburu acidic, na obere akụkụ na alkaline.

N'ebe a na-ahụ maka isoelectric, protein adịghị eguzosi ike na ngwọta na, n'ihi ya, na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Mgbe a na-agbakwunye acid ma ọ bụ alkali na protein a na-ebuli elu, a na-ebufe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ngwakọta ahụ na-agbaze ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, ndị na-edozi ahụ na-ejigide njirimara njirimara ha naanị na ụfọdụ pH nke ọkara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebibi agbụ ndị na-ejide oghere nke protein ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, mgbe ahụ nhazi nke ihe ahụ nyere n'iwu na-emebi, n'ihi nke ahụ molekul na-ewere ụdị nke eriri chaotic na-enweghị usoro. A na-akpọ ihe omume a denaturation.

Mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị na protein na-eduga ná mmetụta nke kemịkal na ihe anụ ahụ: elu okpomọkụ, ultraviolet irradiation, ike ịma jijiji, nchikota na protein precipitants. N'ihi denaturation, akụrụngwa na-efunahụ ọrụ ndu ya, a naghị eweghachi ihe ndị furu efu.

Protein na-enye agba n'oge mmeghachi omume hydrolysis. Mgbe ejikọtara ngwọta peptide na ọla kọpa sulfate na alkali, agba lilac na-apụta (mmeghachi omume biuret), mgbe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ na nitric acid - tint odo (mmeghachi omume xantoprotein), mgbe ị na-emekọrịta ihe na nitrate ngwọta nke mercury - agba raspberry (Milon). mmeghachi omume). A na-eji ọmụmụ ihe ndị a chọpụta nhazi protein dị iche iche.

Ụdị nke protein nwere ike ime njikọ na ahụ

A pụghị ilele uru amino acid dị maka ahụ mmadụ. Ha na-arụ ọrụ nke neurotransmitters, ha dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke ụbụrụ, na-enye ike na akwara, ma na-achịkwa oke arụmọrụ nke ọrụ ha na vitamin na mineral.

Isi ihe dị na njikọ ahụ bụ iji hụ na mmepe nkịtị na arụ ọrụ nke ahụ. Amino acid na-emepụta enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies. Njikọ nke protein na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adị mgbe niile.

Agbanyeghị, usoro a na-akwụsịtụ ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị opekata mpe otu amino acid dị mkpa. Mmebi nke nguzobe nke protein na-eduga ná nsogbu digestive, iji nwayọọ na-eto eto, psycho-mmetụta mmetụta enweghị akwusi.

Ọtụtụ n'ime amino acid na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ mmadụ na imeju. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ ogige nke na-aghaghị iji nri na-abịa kwa ụbọchị.

Nke a bụ n'ihi ikesa amino acid n'ụdị ndị a:

• enweghị ike dochie anya;
• ọkara-anọchi;
• enwere ike dochie ya.

Otu ọ bụla nke ihe nwere ọrụ ụfọdụ. Tụlee ha nke ọma.

Amino Acids dị mkpa

Mmadụ enweghị ike ịmepụta ogige organic nke otu a n'onwe ya, mana ha dị mkpa iji nọgide na-ebi ndụ ya.

Ya mere, amino asịd ndị dị otú ahụ enwetawo aha "dị mkpa" na a ga-esi n'èzí na-enye ya nri mgbe nile. Njikọ protein na-enweghị ihe a na-ewu ụlọ agaghị ekwe omume. N'ihi ya, enweghị ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ngwakọta na-eduga ná nsogbu nke metabolic, mbelata nke anụ ahụ, ibu ahụ, na nkwụsị nke mmepụta protein.

Amino acid kachasị mkpa maka ahụ mmadụ, ọkachasị maka ndị egwuregwu na mkpa ha.

1. Valin. Ọ bụ akụkụ nhazi nke protein yinye alaka (BCAA) .Ọ bụ isi iyi ike, na-ekere òkè na mmeghachi omume metabolic nke nitrogen, na-eweghachi anụ ahụ mebiri emebi, na-achịkwa glycemia. Valine dị mkpa maka eruba nke muscle metabolism, nkịtị uche ọrụ. A na-eji ya na ọgwụgwọ ahụike yana leucine, isoleucine maka ọgwụgwọ ụbụrụ, imeju, merụrụ ahụ n'ihi ọgwụ ọjọọ, mmanya ma ọ bụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nke ahụ.
2. Leucine na Isoleucine. Belata ọkwa glucose ọbara, chebe anụ ahụ anụ ahụ, na-ere abụba ọkụ, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali maka njikọ nke hormone na-eto eto, weghachite akpụkpọ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ. Leucine, dị ka valine, na-etinye aka na usoro inye ike, nke dị mkpa karịsịa maka ịnọgide na-enwe ntachi obi anụ ahụ n'oge mgbatị ahụ dị egwu. Na mgbakwunye, a chọrọ isoleucine maka njikọ nke hemoglobin.
3. Threonine. Ọ na-egbochi mmebi imeju nke abụba abụba, na-ekere òkè na protein na abụba metabolism, njikọ nke collagen, elastane, ịmepụta ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ (enamel). Amino acid na-abawanye mgbochi, ike nke anụ ahụ na ọrịa ARVI. Threonine dị na skeletal mọzụlụ, Central ụjọ usoro, obi, na-akwado ọrụ ha.
4. Methionine. Ọ na-eme ka mgbaze dịkwuo mma, na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke abụba, na-echebe ahụ pụọ na mmetụta ọjọọ nke radieshon, na-ebelata ngosipụta nke toxicosis n'oge ime ime, na-eji agwọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo. Amino acid na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke taurine, cysteine, glutathione, nke na-ewepụ ma wepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu n'ahụ. Methionine na-enyere aka ibelata ọkwa histamine na sel ndị nwere allergies.
5. Tryptophan. Na-akpali ntọhapụ nke hormone na-eto eto, na-eme ka ụra dịkwuo mma, na-ebelata mmetụta ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nicotine, na-eme ka ọnọdụ dị jụụ, na-eji maka njikọ nke serotonin. Tryptophan n'ime ahụ mmadụ nwere ike ịghọ niacin.
6. Lysine. Na-ekere òkè na mmepụta nke albumins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, nrụzi anụ ahụ na nhazi collagen. Amino acid a bụ akụkụ nke protein niile ma ọ dị mkpa iji belata ọkwa nke triglycerides n'ime ọbara ọbara, nhazi ọkpụkpụ nkịtị, nnabata zuru oke nke calcium na ịgbatị usoro ntutu. Lysine nwere mmetụta antiviral, na-egbochi mmepe nke nnukwu ọrịa iku ume na herpes. Ọ na-abawanye ike anụ ahụ, na-akwado metabolism nitrogen, na-eme ka ncheta oge dị mkpirikpi, erection, libido. N'ihi ihe ndị dị mma ya, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid na-enyere aka mee ka obi dị mma, na-egbochi mmepe nke atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, na herpes genital. Lysine yana vitamin C, proline na-egbochi mmepụta nke lipoproteins, nke na-akpata mkpọchi akwara na-eduga na ọrịa obi.
7. Phenylalanine. Na-egbochi agụụ, na-ebelata ihe mgbu, na-eme ka ọnọdụ uche dịkwuo mma, ebe nchekwa. N'ime ahụ mmadụ, phenylalanine nwere ike ịgbanwe ghọọ amino acid tyrosine, nke dị mkpa maka njikọ nke neurotransmitters (dopamine na norepinephrine). N'ihi ikike nke ngwakọta nke ịgafe ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara, a na-ejikarị agwọ ọrịa akwara ozi. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eji amino acid alụso ihe ndị na-acha ọcha nke depigmentation na akpụkpọ ahụ ọgụ (vitiligo), schizophrenia, na ọrịa Parkinson.

Enweghị amino acid dị mkpa na ahụ mmadụ na-eduga na:

• nkwụsị uto;
• mmebi nke biosynthesis nke cysteine ​​​​, protein, akụrụ, thyroid, sistem ụjọ;
• mgbaka;
• ọnwụ ọnwụ;
• phenylketonuria;
• mbelata ihe nchebe na ọkwa hemoglobin ọbara;
• nsogbu nhazi.

Mgbe ị na-egwu egwuregwu, ụkọ nke usoro nhazi dị n'elu na-ebelata arụmọrụ egwuregwu, na-abawanye ohere nke mmerụ ahụ.

Isi mmalite nri nke Amino acid dị mkpa

Tebụl ahụ dabere na data ewepụtara n'ọbá akwụkwọ United States Agricultural Library – USA National Nutrient Database.

Ọkara dochie anya

Ngwakọta ndị dị na ngalaba a nwere ike imepụta ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na enyere ha nri. Ụdị acid dị iche iche nke ọ bụla dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem nke enweghị ike dochie ya.

Tụlee ụdị ha.

1. Arginine. Ọ bụ otu n'ime amino acid dị mkpa na ahụ mmadụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ mebiri emebi ngwa ngwa, na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol ma dị mkpa iji nọgide na-ahụ ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mọzụlụ, nkwonkwo, na imeju. Arginine na-abawanye nguzobe nke T-lymphocytes, nke na-eme ka usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ sie ike, na-eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi, na-egbochi iwebata pathogens. Na mgbakwunye, amino acid na-akwalite detoxification nke imeju, na-ebelata ọbara mgbali, na-ebelata uto nke etuto ahụ, na-eguzogide mkpụkọ ọbara, na-abawanye ike ma na-eme ka arịa ọbara dịkwuo elu. Na-ekere òkè na metabolism nitrogen, njikọ creatine na egosiputara maka ndị chọrọ ifelata ma nweta oke ahụ. A na-ahụ Arginine na mmiri ọmụmụ seminal, anụ ahụ njikọ nke anụ ahụ na hemoglobin. Enweghị ụkọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ dị ize ndụ maka mmepe nke ọrịa shuga mellitus, amụghị nwa n'ime ụmụ nwoke, oge ntozu nwa oge, ọbara mgbali elu, na enweghị mgbochi. Ihe okike sitere na arginine: chocolate, aki oyibo, gelatin, anụ, mmiri ara ehi, ukpa, ọka wit, oat, ahụekere, soy.
2. Histidine. Gụnyere na anụ ahụ niile nke ahụ mmadụ, enzymes. Na-ekere òkè na mgbanwe ozi n'etiti usoro nhụjuanya nke etiti na ngalaba akụkụ. Histidine dị mkpa maka mgbaze nkịtị, ebe ọ bụ na e guzobere ihe ọṅụṅụ gastric ga-ekwe omume naanị na ntinye ya. Na mgbakwunye, ihe ahụ na-egbochi ihe omume nke autoimmune, mmeghachi ahụ nfụkasị ahụ. Enweghị ihe mejupụtara ya na-akpata nkwụsị ntị, na-abawanye ohere nke ịmepụta ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo. A na-achọta Histidine na ọka (osikapa, ọka wit), ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, na anụ.
3. Tyrosine. Na-akwalite nhazi nke neurotransmitters, na-ebelata ihe mgbu nke oge premenstrual, na-enye aka na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke akụkụ ahụ dum, na-eme dị ka antidepressant eke. Amino acid na-ebelata ịdabere na ọgwụ ọjọọ, ọgwụ caffeine, na-enyere aka ịchịkwa agụụ ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mbụ maka mmepụta nke dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. Na njikọ protein, tyrosine na-anọchi akụkụ nke phenylalanine. Na mgbakwunye, ọ dị mkpa maka njikọ nke homonụ thyroid. Enweghị Amino acid na-ebelata usoro metabolic, na-ebelata ọbara mgbali, na-abawanye ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ahụ Tyrosine na mkpụrụ ugu, almọnd, oatmeal, ahụekere, azụ, ube oyibo, soybean.
4. Cystine. A na-achọta ya na beta-keratin - protein bụ isi nke ntutu isi, efere mbọ, akpụkpọ anụ. A na-etinye amino acid dị ka N-acetyl cysteine ​​​​ma na-eji ya na ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nke onye na-ese siga, ujo septic, kansa, na bronchitis. Cystine na-ejigide usoro nke peptides, protein, ma na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka antioxidant siri ike. Ọ na-ejikọta radicals na-ebibi ihe, ọla ndị na-egbu egbu, na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ site na ụzarị x-ray na ikpughe radieshon. Amino acid bụ akụkụ nke somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Enwere ike nweta Cystine site na nri ndị a: broccoli, eyịm, ngwaahịa anụ, àkwá, galik, ose na-acha uhie uhie.

Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke amino acid dị obere dị mkpa bụ ohere nke ahụ ha ji emepụta protein kama methionine, phenylalanine.

kennyeghari

Ahụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmepụta ogige organic nke klaasị a n'onwe ya, na-ekpuchi obere mkpa nke akụkụ na sistemu dị n'ime. A na-emepụta amino acid a na-agbanwe agbanwe site na ngwaahịa metabolic na nitrogen na-etinye obi gị dum. Iji replenish kwa ụbọchị norm, ha ga-adị kwa ụbọchị na mejupụtara nke na-edozi nri.

Tụlee ihe ndị dị na ngalaba a:

1. Alanine. Ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke ume, na-ewepụ nsị na imeju, na-eme ka mgbanwe nke glucose dịkwuo ngwa ngwa. Na-egbochi nkwụsị nke anụ ahụ n'ihi okirikiri alanine, nke gosipụtara n'ụdị a: glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. N'ihi mmeghachi omume ndị a, akụkụ ụlọ nke protein na-eme ka nchekwa ike dịkwuo ogologo, na-agbatị ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. A na-ewepụ oke nitrogen n'oge okirikiri alanine site na ahụ n'ime mmamịrị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe ahụ na-akpali mmepụta nke ọgwụ nje, na-eme ka metabolism nke acid, sugars na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Isi mmalite nke alanine: ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, ube oyibo, anụ, anụ ọkụkọ, akwa, azụ.
2. Glycine. Na-ekere òkè na ịmepụta akwara, njikọ homonụ, na-abawanye ọkwa nke creatine n'ime ahụ, na-akwalite ntụgharị nke glucose n'ime ike. Collagen bụ 30% glycine. Ngwakọta cellular agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na etinyeghị ihe a. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na anụ ahụ mebiri emebi, na-enweghị glycine, ahụ mmadụ agaghị enwe ike ịgwọ ọnyá. Isi mmalite nke amino acids bụ: mmiri ara ehi, agwa, cheese, azụ, anụ.
3. Glutamine. Mgbe mgbanwe nke organic compound na glutamic acid, ọ na-abanye n'ime ọbara-ụbụrụ mgbochi na-eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala maka ụbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ. Amino acid na-ewepu nsị na imeju, na-abawanye ọkwa GABA, na-eme ka ụda ahụ dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka ntinye uche dịkwuo mma, na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke lymphocytes. A na-ejikarị nkwadebe L-glutamine eme ihe n'ịrụ ahụ iji gbochie ndakpọ akwara site na ibuga nitrogen na akụkụ ahụ, wepụ amonia na-egbu egbu na ịbawanye ụlọ ahịa glycogen. A na-eji ihe ahụ eme ihe iji wepụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala, meziwanye ndabere mmetụta uche, na-agwọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo, ọnyá afọ peptic, aṅụrụma, enweghị ike, scleroderma. Ndị isi na ọdịnaya nke glutamine bụ pasili na akwụkwọ nri.
4. Carnitine. Na-ejikọta ma na-ewepụ acid fatty acids n'ahụ. Amino acid na-eme ka ọrụ vitamin E, C dịkwuo mma, na-ebelata oke ibu, na-ebelata ibu dị n'obi. N'ime ahụ mmadụ, a na-emepụta carnitine site na glutamine na methionine na imeju na akụrụ. Ọ bụ n'ime ụdị ndị a: D na L. Uru kachasị mma maka ahụ bụ L-carnitine, nke na-abawanye permeability nke membranes cell maka fatty acids. Ya mere, amino acid na-abawanye ojiji nke lipids, na-ebelata njikọ nke triglyceride molekul n'ime ebe nchekwa abụba subcutaneous. Mgbe ị nwetasịrị carnitine, oxidation lipid na-abawanye, usoro nke ịhapụ anụ ahụ adipose na-akpalite, nke na-esonyere ntọhapụ nke ike echekwara n'ụdị ATP. L-carnitine na-akwalite mmepụta nke lecithin n'ime imeju, na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol ma na-egbochi ọdịdị nke atherosclerotic plaques. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na amino acid a esoghị na ngalaba nke ogige ndị dị mkpa, iri ihe mgbe niile na-egbochi mmepe nke pathologies obi ma na-enye gị ohere iru ogologo ndụ na-arụ ọrụ. Cheta, ọkwa nke carnitine na-ebelata na afọ, yabụ ndị agadi kwesịrị ibu ụzọ webata mgbakwunye nri na nri ha kwa ụbọchị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ahụ site na vitamin C, B6, methionine, iron, lysine. Enweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ogige ndị a na-akpata ụkọ L-carnitine n'ime ahụ. Amino acid sitere n'okike: anụ ọkụkọ, nkochi ime akwa, ugu, mkpụrụ sesame, nwa atụrụ, cheese ụlọ, ude utoojoo.
5. Asparagine. Achọrọ maka njikọ nke amonia, arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke usoro ụjọ ahụ. A na-ahụ amino acid na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, asparagus, whey, àkwá, azụ, mkpụrụ, poteto, anụ ọkụkọ.
6. Aspartic acid. Na-ekere òkè na njikọ nke arginine, lysine, isoleucine, ịmepụta mmanụ ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ahụ - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nke na-enye ume maka usoro intracellular. Aspartic acid na-akpali mmepụta nke neurotransmitters, na-abawanye ntinye nke nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nke dị mkpa iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke usoro ụjọ ahụ na ụbụrụ. A na-emepụta ihe ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe ntinye ya na sel nwere ike ịba ụba site n'itinye ngwaahịa ndị na-esonụ na nri: shuga, mmiri ara ehi, anụ ehi, anụ ọkụkọ.
7. Glutamic acid. Ọ bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-akpali akpali neurotransmitter na ọkpụkpụ azụ. Ngwakọta organic na-etinye aka na mmegharị nke potassium gafere mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara n'ime mmiri cerebrospinal ma na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na metabolism nke triglycerides. Ụbụrụ nwere ike iji glutamate dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. Mkpa anụ ahụ maka oriri ọzọ nke amino acid na-abawanye na Akwụkwụ na-adọ, ịda mbà n'obi, ọdịdị ntutu isi n'oge (ruo afọ 30), nsogbu nke usoro ụjọ ahụ. Isi mmalite nke glutamic acid: walnuts, tomato, mushrooms, nri mmiri, azụ, yogọt, cheese, mkpụrụ osisi a mịrị amị.
8. Proline na-akpali njikọ nke collagen, dị mkpa maka ịmepụta anụ ahụ cartilage, na-eme ka usoro ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo elu. Isi mmalite proline: àkwá, mmiri ara ehi, anụ. A dụrụ ndị anaghị eri anụ ọdụ ka ha were amino acid nwere mgbakwunye nri.
9. Serin. Na-achịkwa ọnụọgụ nke cortisol na anụ ahụ anụ ahụ, na-ekere òkè na njikọ nke ọgwụ nje, immunoglobulins, serotonin, na-akwalite nnabata nke creatine, na-ekere òkè na metabolism abụba. Serine na-akwado ọrụ nkịtị nke sistemu ụjọ nke etiti. Isi ihe oriri nke amino acids: kọlịflawa, broccoli, mkpụrụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi, soybeans, koumiss, beef, wheat, peanuts, chicken meat.

Ya mere, amino acid na-etinye aka n'ọrụ niile dị mkpa na ahụ mmadụ. Tupu ịzụta ihe mgbakwunye nri, a na-atụ aro ka gị na onye ọkachamara kpọtụrụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ nke amino asịd, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ewere dị mma, ma ọ nwere ike na-akawanye ndị zoro ezo ike nsogbu.

Ụdị protein sitere na mmalite

Taa, a na-amata ụdị protein ndị a: akwa, whey, akwukwo nri, anụ, azụ.

Tụlee nkọwa nke nke ọ bụla n'ime ha.

1. Akwa. N'ịbụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka akara n'etiti ndị na-edozi ahụ, a na-ahọrọ protein ndị ọzọ na ya n'ihi na ọ nwere nhazi kachasị elu. Ihe mejupụtara nkochi ime akwa gụnyere ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, na albumin bụ akụkụ protein. A naghị atụ aro akwa ọkụkọ raw maka ndị nwere nsogbu mgbari nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi n'eziokwu na ha nwere ihe na-egbochi enzyme trypsin, nke na-ebelata mgbaze nri, na protein avidin, nke na-ejikọta vitamin H dị mkpa. Ihe na-esi na ya pụta adịghị etinye ya n'ahụ ma wepụ ya. Ya mere, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere nri na-ekwusi ike na iji akwa akwa akwa naanị mgbe ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ gasịrị, nke na-ahapụ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ site na biotin-avidin complex na-ebibi ihe mgbochi trypsin. Uru nke ụdị protein a: ọ nwere nkezi absorption ọnụego (gram 9 kwa elekere), nnukwu amino acid mejupụtara, na-enyere aka belata ibu ahụ. Ọdịmma nke protein akwa ọkụkọ gụnyere nnukwu ọnụ ahịa ha na ihe nfụkasị ahụ.
2. Mmiri ara ehi whey. Protein dị n'ụdị a nwere ọnụego ndakpọ kacha elu (gram 10-12 kwa elekere) n'etiti protein niile. Mgbe ị were ngwaahịa dabere na whey, n'ime awa mbụ, ọkwa nke peptides na amino acid dị n'ọbara na-abawanye nke ukwuu. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ nke na-emepụta acid nke afọ anaghị agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-ewepụ ohere nke ịmepụta gas na nkwụsị nke usoro nsị. Ngwakọta nke anụ ahụ anụ ahụ mmadụ n'ihe gbasara ọdịnaya nke amino acid dị mkpa (valine, leucine na isoleucine) kacha nso na nhazi nke protein whey. Ụdị protein a na-ebelata cholesterol, na-abawanye ụba nke glutathione, nwere ọnụ ala dị ala na ụdị amino acid ndị ọzọ. Isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke protein whey bụ ntinye ngwa ngwa nke ogige ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe amamihe dị na ya iburu ya tupu ma ọ bụ ozugbo ọzụzụ gasịrị. Isi iyi nke protein bụ whey dị ụtọ nke a na-enweta n'oge mmepụta nke cheese rennet. Chọpụta ihe dị iche iche, kewapụrụ, whey protein hydrolyzate, casein. Nke mbụ n'ime ụdị ndị a nwetara adịghị ekewa site na ịdị ọcha dị elu ma nwee abụba, lactose, nke na-akpali mmepụta gas. Ọkwa protein dị na ya bụ 35-70%. N'ihi nke a, ihe na-akpata protein whey bụ ihe mgbochi ụlọ dị ọnụ ala na okirikiri nri egwuregwu. Iche iche bụ ngwaahịa nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ịdị ọcha, ọ nwere 95% irighiri protein. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma mgbe ụfọdụ na-aghọ aghụghọ site n'inye ngwakọta nke iche, itinye uche, hydrolyzate dị ka protein whey. Ya mere, ekwesịrị iji nlezianya nyochaa ihe mejupụtara nke mgbakwunye ahụ, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ kwesịrị ịbụ naanị akụkụ. Hydrolyzate bụ ụdị protein whey kachasị ọnụ, nke dị njikere maka nnabata ozugbo wee banye n'ime anụ ahụ ngwa ngwa. Casein, mgbe ọ na-abanye n'ime afọ, na-atụgharị ghọọ mkpụkọ, nke na-ekewa ogologo oge (gram 4-6 kwa elekere). N'ihi ihe onwunwe a, a na-etinye protein n'ime usoro ụmụaka, ebe ọ na-abanye n'ime ahụ nke ọma na nke ọma, ebe nnukwu amino acid na-eduga n'iche na mmepe nke nwa ọhụrụ.
3. Akwukwo nri. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na protein ndị dị na ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ ezughị ezu, na-ejikọta ha na ibe ha na-emepụta protein zuru oke (nchikota kachasị mma bụ mkpo + ọka). Ndị na-eweta ihe eji ewu ụlọ nke sitere na osisi bụ ngwaahịa soy na-alụ ọgụ osteoporosis, na-emeju ahụ na vitamin E, B, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc. Mgbe a na-eri ya, protein soy na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol, na-edozi nsogbu ndị metụtara mmụba prostate, ma na-ebelata ohere nke ịmepụta neoplasms ọjọọ na ara. A na-egosi ya maka ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ site na enweghị ndidi na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi. Maka mmepụta nke ihe mgbakwunye, a na-eji soy iche (nwere protein 90%), soy concentrate (70%), ntụ ọka soy (50%). Ọnụego nnabata protein bụ gram 4 kwa elekere. Ihe ọghọm nke amino acid na-agụnye: ọrụ estrogenic (n'ihi nke a, ndị ikom ekwesịghị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, ebe ọ bụ na nkwụsị ọmụmụ nwere ike ime), ọnụnọ nke trypsin, nke na-ebelata mgbaze. Osisi ndị nwere phytoestrogens (ihe ndị na-abụghị steroidal nke yiri usoro homonụ mmekọahụ nke nwanyị): flax, licorice, hops, clover na-acha uhie uhie, alfalfa, mkpụrụ vaịn na-acha uhie uhie. A na-ahụkwa protein akwụkwọ nri na akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi (kabeeji, pọmigranet, apụl, karọt), ọka na mkpo (osikapa, alfalfa, lentil, mkpụrụ flax, oat, ọka wit, soy, ọka bali), ihe ọṅụṅụ (bia, bourbon). Ọtụtụ mgbe na egwuregwu nri na-eji protein agwa. Ọ bụ ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ukwuu nke nwere nnukwu amino acid arginine (8,7% kwa gram nke protein) metụtara whey, soy, casein na akwa. Na mgbakwunye, protein agwa bara ụba na glutamine, lysine. Ọnụ ego BCAA dị na ya ruru 18%. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, protein osikapa na-akwalite uru nke protein pea hypoallergenic, nke a na-eji na nri nke ndị na-eri nri, ndị na-eme egwuregwu, na ndị anaghị eri anụ.
4. Anụ. Ọnụọgụ protein dị na ya ruru 85%, nke 35% bụ amino acid na-enweghị ike dochie ya. A na-eji protein anụ ahụ mara abụba efu, nwere oke nnabata.
5. Azụ. A na-atụ aro mgbagwoju a maka onye nkịtị. Mana ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ndị na-eme egwuregwu iji protein na-ekpuchi ihe a chọrọ kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọ bụ na protein dịpụrụ adịpụ na-agbaji na amino acid ugboro 3 karịa casein.

Ya mere, iji belata ibu, nweta oke anụ ahụ, mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na enyemaka ahụ, a na-atụ aro iji protein ndị dị mgbagwoju anya. Ha na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke amino acid ozugbo erichara ya.

Ndị na-eme egwuregwu buru ibu bụ ndị na-adịkarị mfe ịmepụta abụba kwesịrị ịhọrọ 50-80% protein ngwa ngwa karịa protein ngwa ngwa. Ha isi ụdịdị dị iche iche nke edinam bụ iji ogologo oge oriri na-edozi ahụ nke mọzụlụ.

Ntinye Casein dị nwayọ karịa protein whey. N'ihi nke a, ntinye nke amino acid n'ime ọbara na-abawanye nke nta nke nta ma na-edobe ya n'ogo dị elu maka awa 7. N'adịghị ka casein, protein whey na-abanye ngwa ngwa n'ime ahụ, nke na-emepụta ntọhapụ kachasị ike nke ogige ahụ n'ime obere oge (ọkara awa). Ya mere, a na-atụ aro ka ị were ya iji gbochie catabolism nke protein muscle ozugbo tupu na ozugbo mgbatị ahụ gasịrị.

A na-eji akwa ọcha nọrọ n'etiti ọnọdụ. Iji saturate ọbara ozugbo emegasịrị ahụ ma nọgide na-enwe protein dị elu mgbe mgbatị ahụ gasịrị, a ga-ejikọta oriri ya na whey iche, amino acid n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ngwakọta protein atọ a na-ewepụ adịghị ike nke akụkụ ọ bụla, na-ejikọta àgwà ọma niile. Kacha dakọtara na whey soy protein.

Uru maka mmadụ

Ọrụ ndị na-edozi ahụ na-arụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ukwuu nke na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ọrụ ọ bụla, ma anyị ga-akọwapụta nkenke kachasị mkpa n'ime ha.

1. Nchedo (anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, mgbochi). Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-echebe ahụ pụọ na mmetụta ọjọọ nke nje, nsị, nje bacteria, na-ebute usoro nke njikọ antibody. Mgbe ndị na-edozi nchebe na-emekọ ihe na ihe ndị si mba ọzọ, a na-ewepụ ihe omume ndu nke pathogens. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị na-edozi ahụ na-etinye aka na nhazi nke fibrinogen coagulation na plasma ọbara, nke na-enye aka n'ịkpụpụta mkpụkọ na mgbochi nke ọnya ahụ. N'ihi nke a, ọ bụrụ na mmebi nke mkpuchi ahụ, protein na-echebe ahụ pụọ na mfu ọbara.
2. catalytic. Enzymes niile, nke a na-akpọ ihe na-eme ka ndụ, bụ protein.
3. Ụgbọ njem. Isi ihe na-ebu oxygen bụ hemoglobin, protein ọbara. Na mgbakwunye, ụdị amino acid ndị ọzọ na usoro mmeghachi omume na-etolite ogige nwere vitamin, homonụ, abụba, na-ahụ na nnyefe ha na sel, akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime, na anụ ahụ.
4. Na-edozi ahụ. Ihe a na-akpọ protein Reserve (casein, albumin) bụ isi nri maka nhazi na uto nke nwa ebu n'afọ n'afọ.
5. Hormonal. Ọtụtụ n'ime homonụ dị na ahụ mmadụ (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) bụ protein.
6. Ụlọ Keratin - isi ihe nhazi nke ntutu isi, collagen - njikọ anụ ahụ, elastin - mgbidi nke arịa ọbara. Protein nke cytoskeleton na-eme ka akụkụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ọdịdị. Ọtụtụ protein na-arụ ọrụ bụ filamentous.
7. moto. Actin na myosin (protein muscle) na-etinye aka na ntụrụndụ na mkpụkọ nke anụ ahụ. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-ahazi ntụgharị asụsụ, mkpọsa, ike nke ederede mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, yana usoro mmegharị cell site na okirikiri. Protein moto na-ahụ maka mmegharị nke ahụ, mmegharị nke sel na ọkwa molekul (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), njem intracellular (kinesin, dynein).
8. Signal. A na-arụ ọrụ a site na cytokines, ihe na-eto eto, protein protein. Ha na-ebunye akara n'etiti akụkụ ahụ, ihe ndị dị ndụ, mkpụrụ ndụ, anụ ahụ.
9. Nnabata. Otu akụkụ nke onye na-anabata protein na-enweta mgbaàmà na-akpasu iwe, nke ọzọ na-emeghachi omume ma na-akwalite mgbanwe mgbanwe. Ya mere, ogige ndị ahụ na-eme ka mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, na-ejikọta mkpụrụ ndụ mgbasa ozi intracellular, na-eje ozi dị ka ọwa ion.

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị dị n'elu, ndị na-edozi na-achịkwa ọkwa pH nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ike, hụ na mmepe, mmeputakwa nke ahụ, na-etolite ikike iche echiche.

Na mgbakwunye na triglycerides, protein na-etinye aka na nhazi nke membranes cell, yana carbohydrates na mmepụta ihe nzuzo.

Njikọ protein

Ngwakọta protein bụ usoro mgbagwoju anya nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ribonucleoprotein particles nke cell (ribosomes). A na-agbanwe protein site na amino acids na macromolecules n'okpuru njikwa ozi ezoro ezo na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (na cell nucleus).

Protein ọ bụla nwere ihe fọdụrụ na enzyme, nke a na-ekpebi site n'usoro nucleotide nke genome nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ a nke cell. Ebe DNA na-etinye uche na nucleus cell, na njikọ protein na-ewere ọnọdụ na cytoplasm, ozi sitere na koodu ebe nchekwa ndụ gaa na ribosomes na-ebunye ozi site n'aka onye ọrụ pụrụ iche a na-akpọ mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis na-apụta na nkebi isii.

1. Nyefee ozi site na DNA gaa na i-RNA (nsụgharị). N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ prokaryotic, idegharị genome na-amalite site na nnabata nke usoro DNA nucleotide kpọmkwem site na RNA polymerase enzyme.
2. Ntinye nke amino acids. Ejikọtara “ihe mmalite” nke ọ bụla nke protein, na-eji ike ATP, site na njikọ nke covalent na molik RNA njem (t-RNA). N'otu oge ahụ, t-RNA nwere nucleotides jikọtara n'usoro - anticodons, nke na-ekpebi koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (triplet-codon) nke amino acid arụ ọrụ.
3. Protein na-ejikọta na ribosomes (mmalite). Ejikọtara molikula i-RNA nke nwere ozi gbasara otu protein na obere irighiri ribosome na amino acid na-amalite jikọtara na t-RNA kwekọrọ. N'okwu a, macromolecules njem na-ejikọta ọnụ na i-RNA triplet, nke na-egosi mmalite nke yinye protein.
4. Elu nke polypeptide yinye (elongation). Mwelite nke irighiri protein na-apụta site n'usoro nke amino acids na agbụ, na-ebuga na ribosome site na iji RNA njem. N'oge a, a na-emepụta usoro ikpeazụ nke protein.
5. Kwụsị njikọ nke yinye polypeptide (nkwụsị). Emecha nke owuwu nke protein na-egosi site na atọ pụrụ iche nke mRNA, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ahapụ polypeptide na ribosome.
6. Mpịakọta na nhazi protein. Iji nweta usoro njirimara nke polypeptide, ọ na-agbakọta n'otu oge, na-akpụ nhazi oghere ya. Mgbe njikọ na ribosome, protein na-enweta mgbanwe kemịkalụ (nhazi) site na enzymes, karịsịa, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, na tyrosine.

Ndị na-edozi ahụ emepụtara ọhụrụ nwere iberibe polypeptide na njedebe, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbaàmà na-eduzi ihe na mpaghara mmetụta.

A na-achịkwa mgbanwe nke protein site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị na-arụ ọrụ, nke, yana mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-etolite otu enzymatic nke a na-akpọ operon. A na-achịkwa usoro a site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-achịkwa site n'enyemaka nke ihe pụrụ iche, nke ha, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na-emepụta. Mmekọrịta nke ihe a na onye na-arụ ọrụ na-eduga na nkwụsị nke gene na-achịkwa, na n'ihi ya, nkwụsị nke operon. Ihe mgbaàmà ịmaliteghachi ọrụ nke usoro ahụ bụ mmeghachi omume nke ihe na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.

Kwa ụbọchị

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, mkpa anụ ahụ nwere maka protein na-adabere n'afọ ndụ, mmekọahụ, ọnọdụ anụ ahụ, na mgbatị ahụ. Enweghị protein na nri na-eduga ná nkwụsị nke ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ.

Ngbanwe na ahụ mmadụ

Protein metabolism bụ usoro nke na-egosipụta ọrụ nke ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ime ahụ: mgbaze, ndakpọ, assimilation na tract digestive, yana ikere òkè na njikọ nke ihe ọhụrụ achọrọ maka nkwado ndụ. Nyere na protein metabolism na-achịkwa, na-ejikọta, ma na-ahazi ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume kemịkal, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta isi usoro ndị dị na mgbanwe protein.

Imeju na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism peptide. Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ nzacha ahụ kwụsịrị isonye na usoro a, mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara, nsonaazụ na-egbu egbu na-apụta.

Usoro nke usoro nke usoro metabolic.

1. Amino acid deamination. Usoro a dị mkpa iji gbanwee akụkụ protein karịrị akarị ka ọ bụrụ abụba na carbohydrates. N'oge mmeghachi omume enzymatic, a na-agbanwe amino acid ka ọ bụrụ keto acid kwekọrọ, na-akpụ amonia, nke sitere na ire ere. Deanimation nke 90% nke usoro protein na-apụta na imeju, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na akụrụ. Wezụga bụ branched yinye amino asịd (valine, leucine, isoleucine), nke na-enweta metabolism na mọzụlụ nke skeleton.
2. Nhazi urea. Amonia, nke ewepụtara n'oge a na-ewepụ amino acids, na-egbu egbu na ahụ mmadụ. Nnọpụiche nke ihe na-egbu egbu na-apụta na imeju n'okpuru mmetụta nke enzymes na-agbanwe ya na uric acid. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, urea na-abanye na akụrụ, site na ebe a na-ewepụ ya na mmamịrị. A na-agbanwe nke fọdụrụ n'ime molekul ahụ, nke na-enweghị nitrogen, ka ọ bụrụ glucose, nke na-ahapụ ike mgbe ọ gbajiri.
3. Mkparịta ụka n'etiti ụdị amino asịd enwere ike dochie anya. N'ihi mmeghachi omume biochemical n'ime imeju (mbelata amination, transamination nke keto acid, amino acid mgbanwe), nguzobe nke protein a na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke dị mkpa, nke na-akwụ ụgwọ maka enweghị nri ha.
4. Mmekọrịta nke protein plasma. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ protein niile dị n'ọbara, ewezuga globulins, na-etolite n'ime imeju. Ihe kachasị mkpa n'ime ha na nke kachasị na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ bụ albumin na ihe na-eme ka ọbara na-agbakọta. Usoro mgbaze protein na tract digestive na-eme site n'usoro usoro nke enzymes proteolytic na-eme na ha iji nye ngwaahịa mmebi ahụ ike ịbanye n'ime ọbara site na mgbidi eriri afọ.

Nkwụsị nke protein na-amalite n'ime afọ n'okpuru mmetụta nke ihe ọṅụṅụ gastric (pH 1,5-2), nke nwere enzyme pepsin, nke na-eme ka hydrolysis nke njikọ peptide dị n'etiti amino acid dịkwuo elu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mgbaze na-aga n'ihu na duodenum na jejunum, ebe ihe ọṅụṅụ pancreatic na eriri afọ (pH 7,2-8,2) nwere precursors enzyme adịghị arụ ọrụ (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase). Mucosa eriri afọ na-emepụta enzyme enteropeptidase, nke na-eme ka protease ndị a rụọ ọrụ. Ihe proteolytic dịkwa na sel nke mucosa intestinal, nke mere na hydrolysis nke obere peptides na-eme mgbe nnabata ikpeazụ gasịrị.

N'ihi mmeghachi omume ndị dị otú ahụ, 95-97% nke protein na-agbajikwa n'ime amino acid efu, nke na-abanye n'ime eriri afọ. Site na enweghị ma ọ bụ obere ọrụ nke proteases, protein na-adịghị agbaze na-abanye n'ime eriri afọ, ebe ọ na-enweta usoro ire ere.

erughi protein

Protein bụ otu n'ime ogige ndị nwere nitrogen dị elu, ihe na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi nke ndụ mmadụ. N'iburu n'uche na ndị na-edozi ahụ na-ahụ maka owuwu nke sel, anụ ahụ, akụkụ ahụ, njikọ nke hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones peptide, usoro mmeghachi omume metabolic nkịtị, enweghị nri ha na-eduga na mmebi nke arụ ọrụ nke sistemu ahụ niile.

Mgbaàmà nke erughi protein:

• hypotension na muscular dystrophy;
• nkwarụ;
• ibelata ọkpụkpụ nke akpụkpọ anụ, karịsịa n'elu akwara triceps nke ubu;
• oke ibu ibu;
• ike ọgwụgwụ nke uche na nke anụ ahụ;
• ọzịza (zoro ezo, wee pụta ìhè);
• oyi;
• mbelata nke turgor akpụkpọ anụ, n'ihi nke ọ na-aghọ nkụ, flabby, lethargic, wrinkled;
• mmebi nke ọnọdụ ọrụ nke ntutu isi (mfu, ịcha, nkụ);
• agụụ na-ebelata;
• adịghị mma ọnya;
• enwe mmetụta nke agụụ ma ọ bụ akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ mgbe nile;
• arụrụ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi (ncheta, nlebara anya);
• enweghi oke ibu (na ụmụaka).

Cheta, ihe ịrịba ama nke obere ụkọ protein nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ogologo oge ma ọ bụ zoo.

Agbanyeghị, akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụkọ protein na-esonyere ya na mbelata nke mgbochi cellular yana mmụba nke ike ibute ọrịa.

N'ihi ya, ndị ọrịa na-enwekarị ọrịa iku ume, oyi baa, gastroenteritis, na pathologies nke akụkụ ahụ urinary. Site na ụkọ nke ogige nitrogen ruo ogologo oge, ụdị ụkọ protein-ike siri ike na-amalite, yana mbelata nke myocardium, atrophy nke anụ ahụ subcutaneous, na ịda mbà n'obi nke oghere intercostal.

Nsonaazụ nke ụdị ụkọ protein siri ike:

• ngwa ngwa usu;
• mmebi nke nnabata protein na ihe ndị ọzọ n'ihi ezughị ezu njikọ nke enzymes;
• mbelata nke obi olu;
• anaemia;
• imebi akwa akwa;
• nkwụsị nke uto (na ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ);
• ọrịa ọrịa nke endocrine glands;
• adịghị mma hormonal;
• immunodeficiency na-ekwu;
• mmebi nke usoro mkpali n'ihi mmebi nke njikọ nke ihe nchebe (interferon na lysozyme);
• ibelata ume iku ume.

Enweghị protein na nri nri na-emetụta akụkụ ahụ ụmụaka nke ọma: uto na-ebelata, ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-ewute, mmepe nke uche na-egbu oge.

Enwere ụzọ abụọ nke erughi protein n'ime ụmụaka:

1. Ara ( erughi protein akọrọ). Ihe e ji mara ọrịa a site n'oke atrophy nke mọzụlụ na anụ ahụ dị n'okpuru anụ ahụ (n'ihi iji protein n'ọrụ), nkwụsị uto, na mbelata ibu. N'otu oge ahụ, nfụkasị, nke doro anya ma ọ bụ zoro ezo, adịghị na 95% nke ikpe.
2. Kwashiorkor ( erughi protein dịpụrụ adịpụ). Na ọkwa mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ nwere enweghị mmasị, mgbakasị ahụ, ike ọgwụgwụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ahụ mbelata nke uto, hypotension muscle, mmebi imeju abụba abụba, na mbelata turgor anụ ahụ. Tinyere nke a, edema na-apụta, na-ekpuchi oke ibu, hyperpigmentation nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ihichapụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ahụ, na ntutu isi. Ọtụtụ mgbe, site na kwashiorkor, vomiting, afọ ọsịsa, anorexia, na n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, coma ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa na-apụta, nke na-ejedebe na ọnwụ.

Tinyere nke a, ụmụaka na ndị okenye nwere ike ịmalite ụdị ụkọ protein dị iche iche.

Ihe kpatara mmepe nke ụkọ protein

Ihe kpatara mmepe nke ụkọ protein bụ:

• qualitative ma ọ bụ quantitative ahaghị nhata nke nri (nri, agụụ, dabere-protein menu, ogbenye nri);
• nsogbu nke metabolic nke amino acid;
• ụba protein ọnwụ site na mmamịrị;
• ogologo oge enweghi ihe nchọta;
• mmebi nke njikọ protein n'ihi pathologies na-adịghị ala ala nke imeju;
• ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ;
• oke ọkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, ọrịa na-efe efe;
• nnabata nke protein n'ime eriri afọ.

Enweghị ike protein-ike bụ ụdị abụọ: isi na nke abụọ. Nsogbu nke mbụ bụ n'ihi ezughị ezu nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ n'ime ahụ, na nke abụọ - ihe kpatara nsogbu ọrụ ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na-egbochi njikọ nke enzymes.

N'ịbụ nke dị nro na nke na-adịghị mma nke ụkọ protein (isi), ọ dị mkpa ikpochapụ ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka mmepe nke pathology. Iji mee nke a, na-abawanye oriri nke protein kwa ụbọchị (n'ihi oke ahụ kachasị mma), nye iwu ka rie ihe mgbagwoju anya nke multivitamin. Na enweghị ezé ma ọ bụ mbelata nke agụụ, a na-ejikwa ngwakọta mmiri na-edozi ahụ maka nyocha ma ọ bụ inye onwe ya nri. Ọ bụrụ na enweghi protein na-agbagwoju anya site na afọ ọsịsa, mgbe ahụ ọ ka mma ka ndị ọrịa nye usoro yogọt. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a naghị atụ aro iri ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi n'ihi enweghị ike nke ahụ iji hazie lactose.

Ụdị siri ike nke ụkọ nke abụọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ bụ na nyocha ụlọ nyocha dị mkpa iji chọpụta nsogbu ahụ. Iji dokwuo anya ihe kpatara ọrịa ahụ, a na-atụ ọkwa nke nnabata interleukin-2 soluble n'ime ọbara ma ọ bụ protein C-reactive. A na-anwalekwa albumin Plasma, antigens anụ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ lymphocyte zuru ezu, na CD4+ T-lymphocytes iji nyere aka kwado akụkọ ihe mere eme ma chọpụta ogo arụrụ arụ ọrụ.

Ihe kachasị mkpa nke ọgwụgwọ bụ ịgbaso nri a na-achịkwa, mgbazi mmiri na nguzozi electrolyte, mkpochapụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe, saturation nke ahụ na nri. N'iburu n'uche na enweghị protein nke abụọ nwere ike igbochi ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ahụ kpasuru mmepe ya, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-enye nri nri parenteral ma ọ bụ tube na ngwakọta gbakọtara. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-eji ọgwụgwọ vitamin mee ihe na usoro onunu ogwu ugboro abụọ nke ihe onye ahụike chọrọ kwa ụbọchị.

Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ nwere anorexia ma ọ bụ achọpụtabeghị ihe kpatara ya, a na-ejikwa ọgwụ ndị na-abawanye agụụ. Iji mee ka ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ dịkwuo elu, a na-anabata iji steroid anabolic (n'okpuru nlekọta nke dọkịta). Mweghachi nke nguzozi protein na ndị okenye na-eme nwayọ, karịa ọnwa 6-9. N'ime ụmụaka, oge mgbake zuru oke na-ewe ọnwa 3-4.

Cheta, maka mgbochi nke ụkọ protein, ọ dị mkpa itinye protein sitere na osisi na anụmanụ sitere na nri gị kwa ụbọchị.

nnyefere

Iri nri bara ụba na protein karịrị akarị nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ. Mfefe protein na nri adịghị obere ihe ize ndụ karịa enweghị ya.

Mgbaàmà nke oke protein n'ime ahụ:

• nsogbu nke akụrụ na imeju ka njọ;
• ọnwụ nke agụụ, iku ume;
• mgbakasị ahụ na-ama jijiji;
• ọbara ọgbụgba dị ukwuu (n'ime ụmụ nwanyị);
• ihe isi ike nke iwepụ oke ibu;
• nsogbu na usoro obi;
• ụbara ire ere na eriri afọ.

Ị nwere ike ikpebi mmebi nke protein metabolism site na iji nitrogen itule. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nitrogen ewepụtara na nke a na-ewepụ hà nhata, a na-ekwu na onye ahụ nwere nguzozi dị mma. Ntụle na-adịghị mma na-egosi ezughị oke oriri ma ọ bụ nnabata protein na-adịghị mma, nke na-eduga na ọkụ nke protein nke ya. Ihe omume a na-ebute mmepe nke ike ọgwụgwụ.

Obere ngafe nke protein na nri, nke a chọrọ iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi nitrogen nkịtị, adịghị emerụ ahụ ike mmadụ. N'okwu a, a na-eji oke amino acid eme ihe dị ka isi iyi ike. Agbanyeghị, na enweghị mmega ahụ maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, oriri protein karịrị gram 1,7 kwa kilogram 1 nke ịdị arọ ahụ na-enyere aka ịtụgharị protein karịrị akarị ka ọ bụrụ ogige nitrogenous (urea), glucose, nke akụrụ na-aghaghị ịpụpụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke akụrụngwa ụlọ na-eduga n'ịmepụta mmeghachi omume acid nke ahụ, mmụba nke mfu nke calcium. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, protein anụmanụ na-enwekarị purines, nke a na-etinye na nkwonkwo, nke bụ ihe mmalite maka mmepe nke gout.

Nri protein karịrị akarị n'ahụ mmadụ dị oke ụkọ. Taa, na nri nkịtị, protein dị elu (amino acid) adịghị ụkọ.

FAQ

Kedu uru na ọghọm dị na protein anụmanụ na osisi?

Isi uru nke protein sitere na anụmanụ bụ na ha nwere amino asịd niile dị mkpa maka ahụ, ọkachasị n'ụdị etinyere. Ọdịmma nke protein dị otú ahụ bụ nnata nke oke ego nke akụrụngwa ụlọ, nke bụ ugboro 2-3 kwa ụbọchị. Na mgbakwunye, ngwaahịa sitere n'anụmanụ na-enwekarị ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ (hormone, ọgwụ nje, abụba, cholesterol), nke na-akpata nsị nke anụ ahụ site na ngwaahịa ire ere, na-asachapụ “calcium” n'ọkpụkpụ, na-emepụta ibu ọzọ na imeju.

Ahụ na-etinye protein na akwụkwọ nri nke ọma. Ha enweghị ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abịa na protein anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-edozi ihe ọkụkụ adịghị enwe ihe ndọghachi azụ ha. Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa (ma e wezụga soy) na-ejikọta ya na abụba (na mkpụrụ), nwere usoro amino acid dị mkpa na-ezughị ezu.

Kedu protein kacha mma n'ime ahụ mmadụ?

1. Akwa, ogo nke absorption ruru 95-100%.
2. Mmiri ara ehi, cheese - 85-95%.
3. Anụ, azụ - 80-92%.
4. Soy - 60-80%.
5. ọka - 50-80%.
6. Achịcha - 40-60%.

Ọdịiche a bụ n'ihi na tract digestive anaghị emepụta enzymes dị mkpa maka nkwụsị nke ụdị protein niile.

Kedu ihe ndụmọdụ maka oriri protein?

1. Na-ekpuchi mkpa anụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị.
2. Gbaa mbọ hụ na ngwakọta protein dị iche iche na-abata na nri.
3. Ejila protein buru oke ibu na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ruo ogologo oge.
4. Ejila nri nwere protein n'abalị.
5. Jikọta protein nke akwụkwọ nri na anụmanụ sitere. Nke a ga-eme ka mmịnye ha dịkwuo mma.
6. Maka ndị na-eme egwuregwu tupu ọzụzụ iji merie ibu dị elu, a na-atụ aro ka ị ṅụọ protein bara ụba protein. Mgbe klaasị gachara, gainer na-enyere aka mejupụta ihe nchekwa nri. Mgbakwunye egwuregwu na-ebuli ọkwa nke carbohydrates, amino acid n'ime ahụ, na-akpali mgbake ngwa ngwa nke anụ ahụ.
7. Protein anụmanụ kwesịrị ime 50% nke nri kwa ụbọchị.
8. Iji wepụ ngwaahịa nke protein metabolism, a na-achọ ọtụtụ mmiri karịa maka ndakpọ na nhazi nke ihe oriri ndị ọzọ. Iji zere akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ị kwesịrị ị drinkụ 1,5-2 lita mmiri mmiri na-abụghị carbonated kwa ụbọchị. Iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi nke mmiri-nnu, a na-atụ aro ka ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-eri 3 lita mmiri.

Kedu protein nwere ike ịgbari n'otu oge?

N'etiti ndị na-akwado nri ugboro ugboro, e nwere echiche na ọ dịghị ihe karịrị gram 30 nke protein nwere ike itinye uche kwa ụbọchị. A kwenyere na nnukwu olu na-ebufe tract digestive na ọ nweghị ike ịnagide mgbaze nke ngwaahịa ahụ. Agbanyeghị, nke a abụghị ihe ọzọ karịa akụkọ ifo.

Ahụ mmadụ n'otu oche nwere ike imeri ihe karịrị gram 200 nke protein. Akụkụ nke protein ahụ ga-aga isonye na usoro anabolic ma ọ bụ SMP ma chekwaa ya dị ka glycogen. Isi ihe ị ga-echeta bụ na ka protein na-abanye n'ime ahụ, ogologo oge ọ ga-agbari, ma ihe niile ga-etinye uche.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke protein na-eduga n'ịbawanye ụba nke abụba n'ime imeju, ụbara excitability nke gland endocrine na usoro nhụjuanya nke etiti, na-eme ka usoro ire ere dịkwuo mma, na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na akụrụ.

mmechi

Protein bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpụrụ ndụ niile, anụ ahụ, akụkụ ahụ dị n'ahụ mmadụ. Protein na-ahụ maka nhazi, moto, njem, ume na ọrụ metabolic. Ogige ndị ahụ na-etinye aka na ntinye nke mineral, vitamin, abụba, carbohydrates, na-abawanye mgbochi ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-ewu ụlọ maka eriri muscle.

Nri protein zuru oke kwa ụbọchị (lee Tebụl No. 2 "Mkpa mmadụ maka Protein") bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ahụike na ọdịmma dị mma n'ụbọchị dum.